famous biological psychologists

Anderson was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 1947. Through a variety of research methods, psychologists in this field hope to uncover information that enriches human understanding of their own mental processes, as well as providing valuable data that enable those in medical fields to better treat patients with a variety of disorders, both physical and mental. He then makes the more controversial claim that emotional intelligence-the ability to understand ones own and other peoples emotional states in any given situationis equally if not more important than IQ as a predictor of success and happiness, not only in ones interpersonal relations, but also in academic and professional contexts. Mischel was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1930. Eminent psychologists of the 20th century. The study of the mind-body (or mind-brain) connection goes back to the world's early philosophers, from Plato to Descartes. One day in 1848 in Central Vermont, Phineas Gage was tamping explosives into the ground to prepare the way for a new railway line when he had a terrible accident. Loftus and her work rocketed to fame in the early 1990s when she gave expert testimony in a series of court cases involving the phenomenon of so-called repressed memory. 11. The question then, is how do these separate and entirely different aspects of living beings, the mind and the body, relate? Psychology is the science of mind, but in any real sense a mind cannot exist without a body in which to reside. Kagan is the author or co-author of some 450 peer-reviewed journal articles and books chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of more than 30 books. 3: Loss: Sadness and Depression. After all, we humans cannot help being curious about ourselves-about what makes us tickand these 50 individuals are acknowledged experts in precisely that topic. Lesions is a classic method in which a brain-region of interest is enabled. Among the most widely known and celebrated of living psychologists, he has won far too many awards, prizes, grants, fellowships, and honorary degrees to mention here. He further argues that fundamentally happy people are able to tap into their capacity for flow on a regular basis. In 2015, he was elected a Member of the Academy of Europe. His work has been widely influential, but also controversial. During this period, he also worked in broadcast journalism, mainly as a presenter for the BBC on the radio and television. In other work, Zimbardo has explored related themes regarding the social roots of individual pathology in such areas as shyness and post-traumatic stress disorder. Functional neuroanatomy is the method in which the expression of some anatomical marker is taken to reflect neural activity. Biological psychology is concerned primarily with the relationship between psychological processes and the underlying physiological eventsor, in other words, the mind-body phenomenon. He is undoubtedly best known as the person primarily responsible for the cognitive approach to therapy for depression, which in its modern form of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has become the gold standard for the clinical treatment of depression, with a much higher success rate than other types of psychotherapy. Since 2014, she has written a regular column for Skeptic magazine under the title, The Gadfly. In short, people find happy people attractive. He did not deny the reality of a fundamental underlying personality altogether, but claimed that its expression is highly complex, and best characterized in terms of contextualized, conditional (if-then) patterns of behavior. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has received the Distinguished Scientist Award conferred by the American Psychological Association (APA), both in 2012. It begins with the claim that mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical. She is currently Professor of Psychology and Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, and Director of that universitys Behavioral Research and Therapy Clinics. Autism, a brain development disorder that impairs social interaction and communication, and causes restricted and repetitive behavior, all starting before a child is three years old. He entered the University of Birmingham Medical School in 1950, and received his qualifications to practice medicine in the UK (MRCS and LRCP) in 1955. He is currently Professor of Human Development at Cornell University. Kagan was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1929. Schmid Masts research has centered on how individuals in dominance hierarchies interact with one other, both how they perceive their social interaction partners-above them, below them, and on the same hierarchical level with themand how they communicate, both verbally and non-verbally. Together, these two features constitute a way of observing ones own emotions as they come and go, without acting on them. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article Mischel found that many years later children who were able to delay gratification had superior academic achievement, greater family and job stability, and even higher earnings. As a student of Cosmides, Kurzban belongs to the second generation of evolutionary psychologists (on evolutionary psychology, see the entry for David M. Buss, above). With well over 200 peer-reviewed papers and a half dozen books (as sole author or co-editor) to her credit, Barrett has received wide recognition in the form of honors and awards too numerous to mention, notably election as Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 2005 and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2008. The focus of his doctoral work was on the treatment of phobias and general anxiety states. Famous Psychologists Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change Theory of Planned Behaviour Theory of Reasoned Action Csikszentmihlyi has worked almost exclusively in the field of positive psychology-the investigation of the positive human affective states such as pleasure, happiness, joy, love, and creativity. Gardner was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, in 1943. Training for most of these positions requires a doctorate. He is the recipient of far too many grants, fellowships, awards, prizes, honorary degrees, lectureships, editorships, and visiting professorships to mention, and has served on the boards of a great many academic bodies, research foundations, and government committees. ", Kaas, J.H. Note the studied equivocation in this formulation regarding the ontological status of the perceived world structure (one might well wonder what the point of such a close mapping might be, if perceived world structure did not in turn map closely onto real world structure). In this chapter, we extend this discussion to include the theoretical and methodological . Famous Psychologists & Theories: Ainsworth, Mary - Attachment Theory. In addition to his many essays, book reviews, and op-ed pieces for the popular press, Pinker has published around 180 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of some 14 books. This is largely because many of his writing remained inaccessible to the Western world until quite recently. A high level of work orientation in students is more highly correlated with good grades in school, long-term success in ones career, and general fulfillment in life than is family environment. The field of criminology draws on various disciplines including psychology, philosophy, social anthropology, biology, and law. Nadel has authored or co-authored more than 175 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of some dozen books. Beyond heritability: Twin studies in behavioral research. The recipient of numerous awards, grants, fellowships, invited lectureships, visiting professorships, board membership appointments, and honorary degrees, Csikszentmihlyi is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the American Psychological Society(APS). Through his popular books, his frequent op-ed pieces and essays in such venues as the New York Times, the Guardian, and the Atlantic, his blogs on Slate, and his interviews with National Public Radio (NPR) and elsewhere, Bloom has communicated his fascinating and influential ideas to a wide audience far beyond the normal confines of academia. He is currently Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of Michigan, as well as Director of the Affective Neuroscience and Biopsychology Lab there. Lev Vygotsky was a contemporary of some better-known psychologists including Piaget, Freud, Skinner, and Pavlov, yet his work never achieved the same eminence during his lifetime. On the other hand, Thomas Willis stipulated that the structure of the brain influences the behavior . She is currently University Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Northeastern University, where she heads up the Interdisciplinary Affective Science Laboratory(IASL). We adapt very quickly to either." -Daniel Gilbert. In the Shepard tone phenomenon, a sound is created by superposing sine waves an octave apart, which, when played with the bass pitch moving upward or downward, is referred to as the Shepard scale. The European Brain and Behaviour Society publishes the journal Behavioural Brain Research and the Forum of European Neuroscience Societies publishes the Journal of Neuroscience. She has written for the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the Los Angeles Times, the Times Literary Supplement, and Scientific American, among other publications. Ariely, who is the founder of a number of private for-profit ventures, has become well known beyond the academic world for his best-selling popular books (see below), his TED talks, and his widely read Wall Street Journal advice column. After a stint at the London School of Economics, he returned to Harvard, where he obtained his Ph.D. in developmental psychology in 1971, working under the supervision of famed developmental psychologist Jerome Bruner and philosopher Nelson Goodman. Corrections? Linehan has written that her Catholic faith played an important role in her own eventual recovery. In some cases (for example, studies of motor cortex), this technique can be analyzed as having a stimulatory effect (rather than as a functional lesion). For example, most subjects exaggerate the satisfaction they believe they will derive from possessing objects in comparison with having experiences (vacations, entertainment) and cultivating social ties with family and friends. A psychobiologist or biopsychologist may compare the imprinting behavior in goslings to the early attachment behavior in human infants and construct theory around these two phenomena. Szokolszky is currently Head of the Department of Cognitive and Neuropsychology within the Institute of Psychology in the Faculty of Arts of the University of Szeged (SZTE), in Hungary. 4. She decided to learn all about the human psyche and obtained her B.S . The author or co-author of over 320 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the author, co-author, or editor of six highly influential books, Anderson has received numerous awards, grants, fellowships, lectureships, and honorary degrees. In 2006, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada (OC), that countrys highest civilian honor. an influential American psychologist whose most famous work occurred during the early 20th century at Johns Hopkins University (Figure 1.6). After leaving medical school, Lewis worked full-time for the next 10 years as a freelance journalist, photographer, and writer. 14. Evolutionary psychologists attempt to explain widespread and deep-seated human behaviors in terms of selection pressure in the context of the human environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA)in our case, the African savannah in the Pleistocene era. While controversial, Pinkers fascinating, information-packed, and highly readable popular books have deservedly won him an enormous audience. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (Viking, 1963). He opened the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879. Some of her other projects include philosophical reflection on the fact of embodiment for cognitive science, and critical approaches to understanding the history and current practice of psychology as a science. With time, however, Blooms work has become increasingly ambitious, crossing over into the territory of philosophy. Schrgers own work has focused on audition (the sense of hearing) in relation to attention, perception, and memory. According to this theory, the fast system has been hard-wired in us by evolution to enable us to react quickly to stressful situations based on rough-and-ready, heuristic behavioral propensities. In his path-breaking early work, Anderson collaborated with Herbert Simon and other giants in the history of cognitive science. ( Culture refers to the shared knowledge . His ground-breaking work on developmental neuropsychiatry, in general, and on autism, in particular, has won for him the sobriquet, the Father of Child Psychiatry in the UK. Another protocol that Posner has played a crucial role in popularizing within the cognitive psychology community is the so-called subtractive method, which basically attempts to decompose a complex cognitive task into a sequence of simpler operations by comparing the effects of the presence and the absence of a given operation. Shop Men's Star Wars Size OS Accessories at a discounted price at Poshmark. [9] In addition to the four books he has authored, co-authored, or edited, Miller is the author or co-author of more than 50 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters. Freud is often identified as one of psychology's most famous psychologists, but he is also seen as one of the most notorious. She received her bachelors degree with highest honors in mathematics and psychology in 1966 from the University of California, Los Angeles, and her masters degree and her Ph.D., both in mathematical psychology, in 1967 and 1970, respectively, from Stanford University. Classical conditioning theory posits that humans develop unconscious responses to repeated stimuli. Bandura first came to prominence for his work on aggression, particularly in children and adolescents. Loftus (ne Fishman) was born in Los Angeles, California, in 1944. After spending the war years in hiding in Nazi-occupied France, the family emigrated to Israel permanently in 1948. Kahneman was born in 1934 in Tel Aviv, in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine and is today the State of Israel. For instance, he has asserted that the emotional meanings of the various facial expressions are largely universal-that is, independent of history or culturewhich implies that they are rooted in our common human biology. She obtained her Ph.D. in 1993 from the University of Connecticut, where she was attached to the Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action (CESPA), one of the foremost centers in the world for ecological psychology-the discipline founded by James J. Gibson that is devoted to the study of cognition as a feature of an embodied agent situated in its environment. 5. In later work, Meltzoff turned his attention to a number of other topics, such as autism, empathy, intention, the infants theory of mind (its ability to understand other peoples intentions), and the neural mechanisms underpinning gaze-following and imitation. He therefore urges us to redirect our energies towards ordinary, everyday experiences with family and friends, if we would be happy. A number of observers have pointed out that there is very little empirical support for the theory. He received his bachelors degree in psychology, sociology, and anthropology summa cum laude in 1954 from Brooklyn College. ", Hubel, D.H. & T.N. Subsequent empirical research has confirmed that these two abilities are supported by different regions of the brain. focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Mischel is most closely associated with the claim, originally made in his 1968 book Personality and Assessment, that personality traits are highly context-dependent, and that the notion there is a stable personality which manifests uniformly over time and across varied social contexts, as previously believed, is a myth. biological psychology, also called physiological psychology or behavioral neuroscience, the study of the physiological bases of behaviour. The term "psychobiology" has been used in a variety of contexts, but was likely first used in its modern sense by Knight Dunlap in his book, An Outline of Psychobiology (1914). He is especially well known for his distinction between two different forms of long-term memory, semantic and episodic, which was one of the earliest proposals involving cognitive modules. A top name in social psychology, Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, and earned his bachelor of arts at the University of British Columbia in 1949. Descartes believed that the flow of animal spirits influences their behavior. Updates? He received his bachelors degree magna cum laude from Amherst College, and his Ph.D. in clinical psychology and personality development from Harvard University. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1971 from Tel Aviv University, and his Ph.D. in cognitive psychology in 1991 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The first school of psychology was developed by a German philosopher, Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (1832-1920). Indeed, My fascination in studying the human behavior, what factors have played any role into shaping it, the biological, physiological, psychological, historical, and environmental approaches about our existence . The major theorists associated with biological psychology are Rene Descartes, Thomas Willis and Luigi Galvani. Albert Bandura | Social Psychology Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, in 1925. Following undergraduate and graduate studies in psychology, sociology and philosophy in Freiburg, London, and Hamburg, Fahrenberg did his doctoral and post-doctoral work at the University of Freiburg, completing his Habilitationsschrift on the psychophysiological roots of personality there in 1966. Bloom was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1963. In addition, the PRG also developed a number of important tests and personality scales, notably, the Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI), which is comparable to the American 16PF Questionnaire and is the most frequently used such assessment tool in German-speaking countries. He is currently the Robert Johnston Niven Professor of Humane Letters in the Department of Psychology at Columbia University. He earned his bachelors degree in 1976 from the University of Texas at Austin, and his Ph.D. in 1981 from the University of California, Berkeley. After the war, he completed his secondary education in York, back in the UK. She received her bachelors degree in social relations in 1971 from Radcliffe College (where she worked with Jerome Kagan), and her Ph.D. in psychology in 1978 from Cornell University (where she studied under Eleanor Gibson). While many on our list have a foot in more than one disciplinary camp, to be included here their main academic position had to be located within either a psychology department or a psychiatry department (within a medical school). She is currently Professor of Organizational Behavior in the Faculty of Hautes tudes Commerciales, or HEC (which is to say, the Business School), of the University of Lausanne. Co-morbidities of BPD include clinical depression, bipolar disorder, self-harm, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation. He obtained his masters degree in psychology in 1955 and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1959, both from Yale University. He is currently the James B. Duke Professor of Psychology and Behavioral Economics at Duke Universitys Fuqua School of Business. Tulving is the author or co-author of some 225 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of five books. Evolutionary psychology traces its roots back to sociobiology, the term proposed by Edward O. Wilson in his landmark 1975 study of the same name on the evolution of eusociality-strongly cooperative societies in which individuals regularly sacrifice themselves for the good of the group. Specifically, ambulatory monitoring allows researchers to study real-time physiological modifications in conjunction with the subjects moment-to-moment activities, such as work and leisure. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a comparatively new technique usually used with human subjects in which a magnetic coil applied to the scalp causes unsystematic electrical activity in nearby cortical neurons which can be experimentally analyzed as a functional lesion. The recipient of grants, awards, lectureships, honorary degrees, and other honors too numerous to mention, Loftus is a Member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is currently Professor of Developmental Psychopathology at University College London. He is known to be the premiere psychologists to have separated philosophy from psychology so as to understand human mind as an individual entity. Andrew N. Meltzoff and M. Keith Moore, Imitation of Facial and Manual Gestures by Human Neonates [PDF], Science, 1977, 198: 7578. For instance, in a celebrated series of experiments involving the presentation of letters of the alphabet to a subject, Posner determined that physically determining whether two letters match has the shortest RT (= the easiest task in terms of computational resources), while applying a rule to determine whether two letters belong to the same category (e.g., vowel vs. consonant) has the longest RT (= the most difficult task), with name matching falling in the middle. 8. The master question that his lab raises and attempts to answer is the way in which affective states are generated in the brain, including pleasure, desire and appetite, emotion, and affective valence (the subjective scale from positive to negative value according to which most affective states present themselves to us). His further claim that Buddhist meditational practices are an invaluable aid in such mind-training is more controversial, which is the reason why Davidson undertook the studies on the Tibetan monksto supply experimental proof of the beneficial effects of meditation. He received his bachelors degree in philosophy summa cum laude in 1964 from Princeton University, and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1967 from the University of Pennsylvania. "On the law of effect. Szokolszky has published numerous peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, both in Hungarian and in English, many with the aim of making her countrymen better acquainted with the discipline of ecological psychology. (July/August, 2002). Busss particular contribution to this discourse has been a theory of sexual competition and selection to explain well-known features of human sexuality. Pinker was also involved during the 1980s in a significant, if highly technical, dispute over connectionist models of mind and speech. Among the many concepts Gergen has introduced into the social psychology vocabulary are the cycle of progressive infirmity (by which psychological diagnoses impact subjects self-understanding for the worse) and generative theory (the idea that the social sciences do not objectively describe the social world so much as theorize it in ways that open up new possibilities for collective action). The detonation went . The author or co-author of several hundred peer-reviewed research articles, Baddeley is the co-author of a prominent textbook, Memory, and has authored, co-authored, or edited numerous other influential volumes in the field. It also affects a number of mental abilities and some aspects of personality. This experience lay at the root of her determination to study her own condition scientifically. Also includes some specific topics not covered elsewhere, such as twin loss and twins with special needs. Fahrenberg co-founded the Psychophysiology Research Group (PRG) at the University of Freiburg in 1970, and in 1973 he became Chair of the Psychology Department, a position he held until his retirement in 2002. Herrnstein, R. J. He completed his Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge in 1962. In his popular books, he has focused on the light that he believes psycholinguistics and developmental psychology can throw on the biological roots of morality, religion, literature, and artall the things that, as he puts it, make us human. Here is a list of 30 of the most influential psychologists who continue to do groundbreaking and far-reaching work today. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1991 from Cornell University, and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1998 from the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he worked with Leda Cosmides (see above) and John Tooby. Key People: William McDougall Alexander Bain James Ward George Trumbull Ladd Related Topics: human behaviour physiology behaviour biological psychology, also called physiological psychology or behavioral neuroscience, the study of the physiological bases of behaviour. Most recently, he maintained in The Better Angels of Our Nature (2011) that an objective analysis of human history gives reason for optimism, despite the fashionable pessimism of our cultural moment.

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