haplogroup g origin
Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 374386. Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. This is achieved by comparing the haplotypes through the STR markers. Its chromosome location listed as 21653414. Finally, to the east, G2a3a-M406 has an expansion time of 8800 years ago in Iran, a time horizon that corresponds to the first Neolithic settlements of the Zagros Mountains of Iran. The naming of sub-clades is according to YCC nomenclature principles. CAS Although hg G1 frequency distribution, overall, extends further eastward as far as Central Asian Kazakhs (present even among Altaian Kazakhs38 with identical STR haplotypes compared with the main Kazakh population), it is virtually absent in Europe. The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. [36], G-PF3359 (or G2a2b2b; previously G2a3b2) was known prior to 2013 as G-L177. [38][self-published source?] Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 5061. Age: About 7,800 years ago Origin: Eurasia Y-Haplotree. The reliability of both P16 and P18 in identifying everyone in each of these categories has been questioned and individual components of the SNP have to be examined. While acknowledging that the inference of the age and geographic source of dispersals of Y chromosome haplogroups from the frequency and STR diversity data can be approximate at best, we speculate that this lineage could potentially be associated with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture of Central Europe, as its highest frequency (3.45.1%) and Td estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 108703029 years ago occur there. [6], A more eastern origin has also been mentioned, believed by some to originate in an area close to the Himalayan foothills. It is a child of haplogroup M12'G. It was likely born in the East Asia around 32,000 years ago. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. Population codes: Baltics (Blt), Belarusians (Blr), Poles (Pol), Ukrainians (Ukr), northern Russians (NRu), southern and central Russians (SRu), Circum-Uralic (CUr), Germans (Ger), Central Europeans (CE), Iberians (Ibr), French (Fra), Sardinians (Srd), Corsica (Cor), Sicilians (Sic), Italians (Ita), Switzerlands (Swi), Western Balkans (WB), Romanians (Rmn), Bulgarians (Bul), Crete (Crt), Greeks (Grc), Anatolian Greeks (AG), Egyptians (Egy), Near/Middle Easterners (ME), Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), Sephardic Jews (SJ), Arabian Peninsula (AP), Palestinians (Pal), Druze (Drz), Western Turks (WTu), Central Turks (CTu), Eastern Turks (ETu), Iranians (Irn), Abkhazians (Abh), Armenians (Arm), Georgians (Grg), South Ossetians (SOs), Iranian Azeris (Azr), Abazins (Aba), Adyghes (Ady), Balkars (Blk), Cherkessians (Crk), Kabardins (Kab), Karachays (Kar), Kuban Nogays (Nog), North Ossetians (NOs), Chamalals (Cha), Ingushes (Ing), Kumyks (Kum), Central Asians (CA), Pakistani (Pak). L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs810801 and 6405148 with a mutation from C to G. L223 was first identified in samples at 23andMe in 2009 but proved problematic as an individual test, the first successful results being reported at Family Tree DNA in late 2011 under its assigned L223 label. In the G2a3b-P303 network (Figure 4), there are several region-specific clusters, indicating a considerable history for this SNP. The Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering) program was used (median-joining algorithm and the post-processing option). The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages. [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 141149. Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, Blanco-Verea A, Brion M, Pascali VL : Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent duplication events at the DYS19 locus. Haplogroup G first locations (T. Kandell). Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. Haplogroup H SD was also calculated for the age estimates according to the following formula: 25/1000 (ASD0 variance)/0.00069. [10], A skeleton found at the Neolithic cemetery known as Derenburg Meerenstieg II, in Saxony-Anhalt Germany, apparently belonged to G2a3 (G-S126) or a subclade. Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F*, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent [68]. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret, L177, later discarded in favour of PF3359 and equivalent SNPs, was first identified at. Included within G-L91 are some men with double values for STR marker DYS19, but there are also G2a2 men with this finding who are not L91+. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 788788. The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. Semino et al. Haplogroup G2a2b is a rare group today in Europe. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 15261543. Although both broadly distributed, G2a-P15* and its downstream L91 sub-lineage have low frequencies, with the exception of Sardinia and Corsica. All G-M377 men tested so far also have a rare null value for the DYS425 marker, (a missing "T" allele of the DYS371 palindromic STR), the result of a RecLOH event, a finding not yet seen among most other G haplotypes. Furthermore, the U1-specific sub-clade M527 is most pronounced among Ukrainians and Anatolian Greeks. Martinez L, Underhill PA, Zhivotovsky LA et al. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. Achilli A, Olivieri A, Pala M et al. G-M406* (G2a2b1*; previously G2a3a*) and its subclades seem most commonly found in Turkey and the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean where it can constitute up to 5% of all makes and 50% of haplogroup G samples. A relatively high percentage of G2a2b1 persons have a value of 21 at STR marker DYS390. Using Y-STR data, the Td expansion time for all combined P15-affiliated chromosomes was estimated to be 150822217 years ago. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. Haplogroup G is observed in this survey as G1-M285 and G2a-P15. The presence of M527 in Provence, southern Italy and Ukraine may reflect subsequent Greek maritime Iron Age colonization events16 and perhaps, given its appearance among the Druze and Palestinians, even episodes associated with the enigmatic marauding Sea Peoples.42. In Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia, members of various ethnic minorities and/or residents in particular localities possess G-M201 at its highest levels in the world even though the average rate at the national level is about 1% or less. Circles represent microsatellite haplotypes, the areas of the circles and sectors are proportional to haplotype frequency (smallest circle corresponds to one individual) and the geographic area is indicated by color. Haplogroup G2a1 (also known as G-FGC753 and previously as G-L293) and its subclades represent the majority of haplogroup G samples in some parts of the Caucasus Mountains area. M286 was first identified at Stanford University at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A. Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M, Jrve M et al. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78: 202221. It was then learned that several subclades belong under L223, including: G-L91 was identified in 2009. Hg G also occurs at frequencies ranging from 5 to 15% in both the rest of Near/Middle East and southern European countries (especially Italy and Greece), with a decreasing frequency gradient towards the Balkans and northern Europe. The members of G-PF3359 are probably smaller in number than men included in G-P303, but only a small amount of testing has occurred for the relevant mutations. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. We genotyped binary markers following PCR amplification, by either Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography, RFLP analysis, Taqman assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) or direct Sanger sequencing methodology. G-CTS2488 or G2a2b2 (also known as G-L141.1; previously G-141 and G2a3b) was identified only in mid-2009 at Family Tree DNA. In the northern and highland areas of the island of Sardinia off western Italy, G percentages reach 11% of the population in one study[17] and reached 21% in the town of Tempio in another study. ), Ancient G-M201s with sequencing[self-published source?] For the multi-copy STR DYS389I,II the DYS389b value was DYS389I subtracted from DYS389II. G-P16 has a high frequency in South and NW Caucasus, with the highest frequency among North Ossetians63.6%. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80: 759768. More distantly, G2a3a-M406 occurs in Italy (3%) with a Td of 8100 years ago, consistent with the model of maritime Neolithic colonization of the Italian peninsula from coastal Anatolia and/or the Levant. It is a branch of haplogroup G (Y-DNA) (M201). Nat Commun 2012; 3. de Knijff P, Kayser M, Caglia A et al. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44: 228239. Unresolved G2a-P15* lineages occur across a wide area extending from the Near/Middle East to the Balkans and Western Europe in the west, the Caucasus (especially the South Caucasus) in the north and Pakistan in the east. Haplogroup G men who belong to this group, but are negative for all G2a subclades, are uncommon in Europe but may represent a sizeable group in so far poorly tested areas east of Turkey. G-P303*, also known as G2a2b2a* (previously G2a3b1*), and its subclades are now concentrated in southern Russia and the Caucasus, as well as, at lower levels, other parts of Europe and South West Asia, especially an area including Turkey, Iran and the Middle East where G2a2b2a may have originated. These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at 23andMe to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests. We emphasize that our assessments are based solely on contemporary DNA distributions rather than actual prehistoric patterns. Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at Family Tree DNA (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations). Two additional markers, DYS38829, 30 and DYS46131 were typed separately. In addition, there are multiple other SNPs thought to have the same coverage as M201. OS thanks the Italian Ministry of the University: Progetti Ricerca Interesse Nazionale 2009 and FIRB-Futuro in Ricerca 2008 and Fondazione Alma Mater Ticinensins. [24] Haplogroup G-M201 is believed to have been relatively absent during Neolithic India; the frequencies of the G2a-P15 subclade for example was negligible in indigenous Indian populations. Such temporal estimates must be viewed with caution owing to differences in individual STR locus mutation rates, sensitivity to rare outlier STR alleles and complexities related to multiple potential founders during a demographic event. Another notable feature is its uneven distribution. In contrast, the only U1 representative in Europe is the G-M527 lineage whose distribution pattern is consistent with regions of Greek colonization. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. The North Ossetians in the mid northern Caucasus area of Russia belong overwhelmingly to the G2a1 subclade based on available samples. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. In Europeexcept in Italy G2a2b1 constitutes less than 20% of G samples. Haplogroup G ( M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. In north-eastern Croatia, in the town of Osijek, G was found in 14% of the males. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68: 10191029. Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. However, no clinal patterns were detected in the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the five sub-haplogroup frequencies with distance, suggesting that the distributions are not clinal but rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. For this are several indications. Article Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 1825518259. Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Gonzalez AM et al. The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11. Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ et al. The Etruscans: a population-genetic study. Whereas the presence of Mideastern mtDNA in Tuscany43 supports the model of early Iron Age migrants from Anatolia (putative Etruscans) colonizing Central Italy,44 the occurrence of the G2a3b1c-L497 lineage in Italy is most likely associated to migratory flows from the north. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G et al. However, its sub-clades have more localized distribution with the U1-defined branch largely restricted to Near/Middle Eastern and the Caucasus, whereas L497 lineages essentially occur in Europe where they likely originated. Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP et al. Because SNPs provide the most reliable method of categorization, each is allowed to represent an official G category. An assessment of the Y-chromosome phylogeography-based proposal that the spread of G2a-L497 chromosomes originated from Central Europe could be achieved by typing this SNP in the Holocene period human remains from Germany31 as well as those from France and Spain.45, 46 Certainly, Y chromosome represents only a small part of human genome and any population-level interpretation of gene flow in this region would have to be supported by genome-wide evidence. They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). [12] The fourth site also from the same period is the tztal of the Italian Alps where the mummified remains of tzi the Iceman were discovered. Distribution. Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. In Lebanon, however, G accounts for 6.5% of the population and in Iran to around 10%. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72: 313332. Although compared with G1-M285, the phylogenetic level of P303 (Figure 1) is shallower but its geographic spread zone covers the whole hg G distribution area (Figure 2b). Parallel evolution of genes and languages in the Caucasus region. In the Tirol (Tyrol) of western Austria, the percentage of G-M201 can reach 40% or more; perhaps the most famous example is the ancient remains of the so-called "Iceman", tzi. In addition, we introduce five new markers: M426, M461, M485, M527 and M547 (Supplementary Table S2). G1-M285, previously described in the Iranian population . There are multiple SNPs which so far have the same coverage as P15. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. Almost all L141 men belong to L141 subclades. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. Although progress has been recently made in resolving the haplogroup G phylogeny, a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of the significant sub-clades of this haplogroup has not been conducted yet. (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Marie Lacan, Christine Keyser, Franois-Xavier Ricaut, Nicolas Brucato, Francis Duranthon, Jean Guilaine, Eric Crubzy, and Bertrand Ludes, Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Encyclopedia of mtDNA Origins - Discover your maternal lineage. Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M et al. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 348353. Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG : Y-chromosome variation in Altaian Kazakhs reveals a common paternal gene pool for Kazakhs and the influence of Mongolian expansions. Then we applied a 10% overall hg G frequency threshold and the additional specification that both haplogroup G1 and G2 lineages also be present. ISSN 1018-4813 (print), Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus, Subdividing Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1 reveals Norse Viking dispersal lineages in Britain, Phylogenetic analysis of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b-F1067, a dominant paternal lineage in Eastern Eurasia, Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia, Origin and diffusion of human Y chromosome haplogroup J1-M267, Bidirectional dispersals during the peopling of the North American Arctic, The role of matrilineality in shaping patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA sequence variation in southwestern Angola, Ancient human mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Bulgaria: new insights into the genetic history of Thracians, Medieval Super-Grandfather founder of Western Kazakh Clans from Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48, Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians, http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/, Population genetic study of 17 Y-STR Loci of the Sorani Kurds in the Province of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, Phylogenetic history of patrilineages rare in northern and eastern Europe from large-scale re-sequencing of human Y-chromosomes, Sex-biased patterns shaped the genetic history of Roma, Middle eastern genetic legacy in the paternal and maternal gene pools of Chuetas, Cancel A high percentage of G-Z1903 men belong to its subclade, G-Z724. Hum Genet 2009; 126: 707717. Thus, these estimates should be viewed as the upper bounds of dispersal times. Semino et al. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. The G-L13 subclade is most common in north central Europe, and G-Z1266 is most common in the western Caucasus Mountains. (2004) suggested the mutation took place only 9,500 years ago. [2], In 2012, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d. The suggested relevant pre-historical climatic and archeological periods specified in conjunction with lineage-specific estimated expansion times are specified in the summary portion of Supplementary Table S4. Origin. First, we calculated haplogroup diversity using data in Supplementary Table S1 for the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. In Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran, haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations. L2b1a. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. [29][30][31] 3% of North African Berbers were found to be haplogroup G.[32] 2% of Arab Moroccans and 0.8% of Berber Moroccans were likewise found to be G.[33]. Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ et al. G-M377, now also known as G2b1, has previously been designated G2b and G2c. Hum Hered 2006; 61: 132143. The G-M286 subclade (M286+) is small compared with G-L91. PLoS One 2011; 6: e20232. The coalescence age estimate of 9400 years for P16 coincides with the early Holocene (Supplementary Table S4). L1771.1/ L177_1, L1771.2/L177_2, L177.3/L177_3) was withdrawn as an identifier by ISOGG in 2013, after it was "found to be an unreliable palindromic snp". Moreover, the accuracy and validity of the evolutionary rate has been independently confirmed in several deep-rooted Hutterite pedigrees.34 Furthermore pedigree rate-based estimates cannot be substantiated, as they are often inconsistent with dateable archeological knowledge, for example, as clearly illustrated regarding the peopling of the Americas.35 Coalescent times based on 10 STR loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS439, DYS461-TAGA counts) and the median haplotypes of specific hg G sub-haplogroups are presented in Supplementary Table S4. PubMed Spatial autocorrelation analysis was carried out to assess the presence/absence of clines regarding informative G sub-haplogroups. P257 was first reported in 2008. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90: 573. Its identification caused considerable renaming of G categories. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME et al. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This skeleton could not be dated by radiocarbon dating, but other skeletons there were dated to between 5,100 and 6,100 years old. P15 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known by 2002. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. If a sample meets the criteria indicated for these three markers, it is likely the sample is G2a2b1. Among Jews in Israel drawn from many areas of the world, G-M377 constituted 3.7% in one study. Thank you for visiting nature.com. ISSN 1476-5438 (online) The double 19 value situation is not seen in the G2a1 and G2a3 subclades. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. The formula for the coalescence calculations is as follows: Age=25/1000 ASD0/0.00069. Should any man with the P15 mutation test negative (ancestral) for any of these or vice versa, that finding would be the basis of a new G2a category. The next largest subclade of G-P303 is characterized by the presence of the U1 mutation. These two reported Pakistani G-M377 haplotypes are quite divergent from the Ashkenazi Jewish clade, and therefore do not at all indicate a recent common origin. Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N et al. The highest percentage of G-P303 persons in a discrete population so far described is on the island of Ibiza off the eastern Spanish coast. Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. Age A more compact cluster of Near/Middle Eastern samples is also resolved in the network. The G-P303 phylogenetic network was constructed using 248 G2a3b-P303-derived 19-locus haplotypes from populations representing Europe, Middle/Near East, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus and belonging to five sub-clades P303*, U1, M527, M426 and L497. The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. While neither knowledge of paleo-climate, archeology or genetic evidence from a single locus using modern populations provides an unimpeachable microcosm of pre-historical expansions, considering them together cautiously provides a contextual framework for discussion. Balanovsky O, Dibirova K, Dybo A et al. Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA et al.