naive scientist vs cognitive miser
Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). /F1 21 0 R /F3 23 0 R Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. /GS8 28 0 R stream Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. /F3 23 0 R The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. >> /Type /Page 7 0 obj It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R] 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. /Contents 42 0 R >> -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. >> /Type /Page [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. /Name /F2 /F3 23 0 R /StructParents 1 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. /Type /Pages (1950s) a. 13 0 obj Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. /CS /DeviceRGB /F4 24 0 R Sandrine . /GS7 27 0 R affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R -Conformity: /Resources << Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax The cognitive miser and focal bias . This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. /Endnote /Note >> 2 0 obj<>stream The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. /F2 22 0 R [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . . That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. /Type /Page Book: Stanovich, Keith E. . 5 0 obj -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. /GS7 27 0 R /Type /Font [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. 24 0 obj What factors affect obedience? >> >> Therefore, we try to spend as little as possible in most caseswe are misers who try to protect our resources for important judgments. What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? What is a meta-analysis? /F3 23 0 R they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. endobj /ParentTree 19 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB >> /CS /DeviceRGB /P 3 0 R We have created a browser extension. -Reduced hostility by engaging both groups in activities together, require them to accomplish certain goals. [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. >> Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term "cognitive miser" to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising one's beliefs. That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. /Type /Group endobj -Social contagion: imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. When does it occur? 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 /Type /Group /StructParents 2 Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. /S /Transparency Describe his findings. This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. /Type /Page endobj [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] /Tabs /S They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. [9][pageneeded]. -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one /Group << >> Rossi . /CS /DeviceRGB /RoleMap 18 0 R /F3 23 0 R we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature /GS7 27 0 R PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. /Contents [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R] /F1 21 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /GS7 27 0 R What is an internal versus an external attribution? System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". /S /Part -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground >> >> Houd . -When alone, when a situation is physically dangerous for the victim. Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. /ExtGState << /Creator (alibabadownload.com) /Group << << What is obedience? Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. >> economic zones to fisheries. Describe his findings. If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. /Parent 2 0 R 5*#H-B^]gOh #xQfy%^0X(?N,S )? [13] People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] What is the probability that he will be a good president?" >> Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. >> 26 0 obj 4 [139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R /Font << endobj /Count 13 Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs. On what dimensions do cultures differ? What is the actor-observer bias? /F4 24 0 R People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. >> /CS /DeviceRGB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes. [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . >> endobj 5 0 obj 12 0 obj Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? Explain the significance of What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 500 500 miser 2) cognitive load = heuristics don't require much thought, can be made on 'availability' eg. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. Unfortunately for this moral responsibility refuge, natural science has now scouted this cognitive corner. What is social comparison theory? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Resources << adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under certain conditions. What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. /Type /Group The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. the degree to which something is extreme) is /ExtGState << >> /Font << /Producer Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. >> These shortcuts include the use of heuristicsOpens in new window, schemasOpens in new window, stereotypesOpens in new window, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. /GS8 28 0 R /F6 26 0 R How pervasive is prejudice today? basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. /Font << endobj << [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /StructParents 11 [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. Everything you always wanted to know. -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. women, gay people, Asians), Event schemas/scripts: knowledge structures about events(e.g. /Font << What are the major forms of household income? Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. /Font << /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] If not, give a counterexample. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices." /F2 22 0 R /Group << %PDF-1.3 ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. /Type /Group >> How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. /CS /DeviceRGB /Resources << >> -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" How did Asch study conformity? Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. Before this, human thinking was. 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R >> Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. /F3 23 0 R We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. 10 [286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the >> [37] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. /F1 21 0 R Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. 15 0 obj The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . In what ways can economic and political competition affect prejudice and discrimination? >> What is the difference between them? Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. /Tabs /S /Subtype /Type0 What are its consequences? In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? % /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. /Group << [30] Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. /Tabs /S Nathaniel . When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. /FontDescriptor 364 0 R /F1 21 0 R /LastChar 32 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. /Contents 45 0 R >> 25 0 obj Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. Introducing Cram Folders! 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. >> For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? /F2 22 0 R Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? %PDF-1.5 << A pragmatic social cognitive psychology covers a lot of territory, mostly in personality and social psychology but also in clinical, counseling, and school psychologies. >> Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. /Pages 2 0 R In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. -Cognitive component: stereotypes April 2013 . Jennifer A. . Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. /GS7 27 0 R What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cognitive miser". endobj -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. You could also do it yourself at any point in time. 18 . /Slide /Part (a) 2xdxx21\int \frac{2 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x212xdx \qquad(b) 2xdx(x21)2\int \frac{2 x d x}{\left(x^2\ -\ 1\right)^2}(x21)22xdx, ( c ) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{\sqrt{x^2\ -\ 1}}x213xdx \qquad (d) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x213xdx. /Type /Group Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. /Footer /Sect as. /Group << /LastChar 116 Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. If the statement is always true, explain why. The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world .