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On occasion, cold fronts from low-pressure centers to the north, reach Louisiana in winter. [72], Pierre Clment de Laussat (Governor, 1803) said: "Saint-Domingue was, of all our colonies in the Antilles, the one whose mentality and customs influenced Louisiana the most."[73]. Once part of the French colonial empire, the Louisiana Territory stretched from presentday Mobile Bay to just north of the presentday CanadaUnited States border, including a small part of what are now the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Historic or scenic areas managed, protected, or otherwise recognized by the National Park Service include: Louisiana contains 308 incorporated municipalities, consisting of four consolidated city-parishes, and 304 cities, towns, and villages. [153] Since 2020, the black or African American population have made up the largest non-white share of youths. PO Box 818, Granby, MO, 64844-818. 403 section Aa row 12 seat They greatly increased the French-speaking population in New Orleans and Louisiana, as well as the number of Africans, and the slaves reinforced African culture in the city. Some vital areas, such as southwestern prairie, have experienced a loss in excess of 98 percent. In October 1801 he sent a large military force to take back Saint-Domingue, then under control of Toussaint Louverture after the Haitian Revolution. Some priests continued to perform interracial marriage ceremonies, for example, and some slaveholders continued to manumit slaves without permission while others punished slaves brutally. In between the tertiary rocks of the north, and the relatively new sediments along the coast, is a vast belt known as the Pleistocene Terraces. Among states in the. [54], Fugitive slaves, called maroons, could easily hide in the backcountry of the bayous and survive in small settlements. [208] The state's principal agricultural products include seafood (it is the biggest producer of crawfish in the world, supplying approximately 90%), cotton, soybeans, cattle, sugarcane, poultry and eggs, dairy products, and rice. Colonial French, although mistakenly named Cajun French by some Cajuns, has persisted alongside English. [242] Since Louisiana joined the Francophonie, new organizations have launched to help revitalize Louisiana French and Creole, including the Nous Foundation. Come visit us at 2150 E Read More View Photos & Amenities. The transfer of power on either side of the river would be delayed until later in the decade. The Plaquemine culture is considered ancestral to the historic Natchez and Taensa peoples, whose descendants encountered Europeans in the colonial era. The Gulf of Mexico 'dead zone' off the coast of Louisiana is the largest recurring hypoxic zone in the United States. [145] These include the Louisiana pinesnake and red-cockaded woodpecker. Since the Louisiana territory had never officially been turned over to the French, the Spanish took down their flag, and the French raised theirs. [144] In addition to National Park Service areas and a United States National Forest, Louisiana operates a system of state parks, state historic sites, one state preservation area, one state forest, and many Wildlife Management Areas. Elites had control in the early 20th century, before populist Huey Long came to power as governor. It soon thereafter became a major sugar producer as new settlers arrived to develop plantations. [262] Another is the legal system of civil law based on French, German, and Spanish legal codes and ultimately Roman law, as opposed to English common law. [191], At the 2019 American Community Survey, the largest ancestry groups of Louisiana were African American (31.4%), French (9.6%), German (6.2%), English (4.6%), Italian (4.2%), and Scottish (0.9%). On SeatPick you can see what is the recommended place to sit at the venue. 1994. The Poverty Point culture may have reached its peak around 1500 BC, making it the first complex culture, and possibly the first tribal culture in North America. British Airways (BA) is the flag carrier airline of the United Kingdom. The Rock 'n' Roll Mardi Gras Marathon and Crescent City Classic are two road running competitions held at New Orleans. It was grouped with Texas in what was administered as the Fifth Military District.[92]. Long's rule ended abruptly when he was assassinated in the state capitol in 1935. The entire state is vulnerable to a tornado strike, with the extreme southern portion of the state slightly less so than the rest of the state. [272] In multiple acts of resistance, blacks left behind the segregation, violence and oppression of the state and moved out to seek better opportunities in northern and western industrial cities during the Great Migrations of 19101970, markedly reducing their proportion of population in Louisiana. By April 30, they closed a deal for the purchase of the entire Louisiana territory of 828,000 square miles (2,100,000km2) for sixty million Francs (approximately $15million).[77]. A good view of a game with a great result for Celtic. The Louisiana territory was officially transferred to the United States government, represented by Meriwether Lewis. They began to participate in the economic development of the colony while at the same time increasing independence and self-subsistence. [101] The percentage of black voters ranged widely in the state during these years, from 93.8% in Evangeline Parish to 1.7% in Tensas Parish, for instance, where there were intense white efforts to suppress the vote in the black-majority parish.[102]. [274] If no candidate has more than 50% of the vote, the two candidates with the highest vote totals compete in a runoff election approximately one month later. [245] Tulane is also highly regarded for its academics nationwide, consistently ranked in the top 50 on U.S. News & World Report's list of best national universities. The Louisiana State Capitol and the Louisiana Governor's Mansion are both located in Baton Rouge. With changing agriculture in the Upper South as planters shifted from tobacco to less labor-intensive mixed agriculture, planters had excess laborers. African Americans began to live as citizens with some measure of equality before the law. Part of this sum, $3.5million, was used to forgive debts owed by France to the United States. At the turn of the 18th century and in the early 1800s, New Orleans received a major influx of White and mixed-race refugees fleeing the violence of the Haitian Revolution, many of whom brought their slaves with them. Biography, news, photos and videos", "Huey Pierce Long Statue, U.S. Capitol for Louisiana | AOC", "WATCH: Peyton Manning humbled by the honor of being inducted into Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame", "Country star and north Louisiana native Tim McGraw riffs on 'Southern Voice,' sobriety, song searches and Sandra Bullock", "New Orleans native Tyler Perry buys groceries for senior shoppers at 73 stores", "Zachary Richard | Music in Lafayette, LA", "Where the Heart Is: Ian Somerhalder reflects on the allure of his Louisiana parish", "Britney Spears' childhood home sells for less than $300K", "Jamie Lynn Spears' Hometown Reacts: Residents Respond To Pregnancy News", "Lil Wayne Plays Farewell Show in New Orleans", "Shane West on Salem, Star Wars Paraphernalia, and His Japanese Craftsman Home", "Reese Witherspoon & cast of 'Big Little Lies' donate money to help frontline workers in NOLA", "YoungBoy Never Broke Again Builds Momentum at Second Tour Stop in L.A.", Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World, Louisiana: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress, cities with populations exceeding 100,000, J. C. "Sonny" Gilbert Wildlife Management Area, Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism, Louisiana Department of Agriculture & Forestry, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba (Yucatn conquistador), Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba (founder of Nicaragua), Indigenous people during De Soto's travels, Assemble parlementaire de la Francophonie, Agence de Coopration Culturelle et Technique, Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisiana&oldid=1142565374, States and territories established in 1812, States of the Confederate States of America, States of the Gulf Coast of the United States, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Cajun French-language text, Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list, Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates, Pages using infobox U.S. state with unknown parameters, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Rodolfo Batiza, "The Louisiana Civil Code of 1808: Its Actual Sources and Present Relevance", 46, The standard history of the state, though only through the Civil War, is. There are six other primary airports in the state: Baton Rouge Metropolitan, Shreveport Regional, Lafayette Regional, Alexandria International, Monroe Regional, and Lake Charles Regional. The latter was settled by French colonists from Illinois. [249][250], In 2000, of all of the states, Louisiana had the highest percentage of students in private schools. Boesch, D. F., Josselyn, M. N., Mehta, A. J., Morris, J. T., Nuttle, W. K., Simenstad, C. A., and Swift, D. P. J. Several unique dialects of French, Creole, and English are spoken in Louisiana. This ranks the state fourth highest nationally and represents a rise from 1995 when Louisiana received $1.35 per dollar of taxes in federal spending (ranked seventh nationally). [192] African American and French heritage have been dominant since colonial Louisiana. The State Police are primarily a traffic enforcement agency, with other sections that delve into trucking safety, narcotics enforcement, and gaming oversight. (1994). In general, the northern terraces have had sufficient time for rivers to cut deep channels, while the newer terraces tend to be much flatter. Federal spending in 2005 and subsequent years since has been exceptionally high due to the recovery from Hurricane Katrina. [108][109] In August 2016, an unnamed storm dumped trillions of gallons of rain on southern Louisiana, including the cities of Denham Springs, Baton Rouge, Gonzales, St. Amant and Lafayette, causing catastrophic flooding. Although the Napoleonic Code and Louisiana law draw from common legal roots, the Napoleonic Code was never in force in Louisiana, as it was enacted in 1804, after the United States had purchased and annexed Louisiana in 1803. In a different kind of criminal activity, the Chicago Tribune reports that Louisiana is the most corrupt state in the United States. See the view from your seat at Celtic Park., page 1. (12 December 2021). Walk with Vicky in Stockton's Black Walnut Festival Parade as she runs for re-election! Because of French and Spanish heritage, and their descendants the Creoles, and later Irish, Italian, Portuguese and German immigrants, southern Louisiana and Greater New Orleans are predominantly Catholic in contrast; according to the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute study, 22% of the adult population were Catholic. Slaves and some free people of color also spoke Louisiana Creole French. Find Your Section View At Celtic Park, home of Celtic FC. Napoleon's ambitions in Louisiana involved the creation of a new empire centered on the Caribbean sugar trade. The Poverty Point culture was followed by the Tchefuncte and Lake Cormorant cultures of the Tchula period, local manifestations of Early Woodland period. [citation needed] Thus property, contractual, business entities structure, much of civil procedure, and family law, as well as some aspects of criminal law, are still based mostly on traditional Roman legal thinking. The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America had 23,922 members, and the remaining largest Protestant denominations were the Churches of Christ (22,833), Progressive National Baptists (22,756), National Baptists of America (22,034), and Full Gospel Baptists (9,772).[201]. President Jefferson was an enthusiastic supporter of westward expansion, and held firm in his support for the treaty. [246], Louisiana's two oldest and largest HBCUs (historically black colleges and universities) are Southern University in Baton Rouge and Grambling State University in Grambling. Figures derived from the NHTSA show at least 25 persons in Louisiana were killed per year in motor vehicle collisions with non-fixed objects, including debris, dumped litter, animals and their carcasses. White Democrats had established one-party Democratic rule, which they maintained in the state for decades deep into the 20th century until after congressional passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act provided federal oversight and enforcement of the constitutional right to vote. The free people of color gained more rights in the colony and sometimes education; they generally spoke French and were Roman Catholic. + - Green sections have photos English banker Alexander Baring conferred with Marbois in Paris, shuttled to the United States to pick up the bonds, took them to Britain, and returned to France with the moneywhich Napoleon used to wage war against Baring's own country. This area lies principally along the Gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi River, which traverses the state from north to south for a distance of about 600mi (970km) and empties into the Gulf of Mexico; also in the state are the Red River; the Ouachita River and its branches; and other minor streams (some of which are called bayous). One is the use of the term "parish" (from the French: paroisse) in place of "county" for administrative subdivision. Over time, the term "Creole" became associated with this class of Creoles of color, many of whom achieved freedom long before the American Civil War. Summers in southern Louisiana have high temperatures from June through September averaging 90F (32C) or more, and overnight lows averaging above 70F (21C). [252] In 2013, the number of students using school vouchers to attend private schools was 6,751, and for 2014 it was projected to over 8,800. The city of modernday Epps developed near it. It is some 600,000 acres in area, more than half of which is flatwoods vegetation, which supports many rare plant and animal species. [34], The Mississippian period in Louisiana was when the Plaquemine and the Caddoan Mississippian cultures developed, and the peoples adopted extensive maize agriculture, cultivating different strains of the plant by saving seeds, selecting for certain characteristics, etc. Many Acadians settled in southern Louisiana in the region around Lafayette and the LaFourche Bayou country. The breadth of the alluvial region along the Mississippi is 1060 miles (15100km), and along the other rivers, the alluvial region averages about 10 miles (15km) across. Eventually former Confederates came to dominate the state legislature after the end of Reconstruction and federal occupation in the late 1870s, and black codes were implemented to regulate freedmen and increasingly restricted the right to vote. The first permanent settlement, Fort Maurepas (at what is now Ocean Springs, Mississippi, near Biloxi), was founded in 1699 by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, a French military officer from Canada. By then the French had also built a small fort at the mouth of the Mississippi at a settlement they named La Balise (or La Balize), "seamark" in French. [198], Louisiana's population, agricultural products, abundance of oil and natural gas, and southern Louisiana's medical and technology corridors have contributed to its growing and diversifying economy. Swamps have been extensively logged, leaving canals and ditches that allow salt water to move inland. . [21] These contain a rich southern biota; typical examples include birds such as ibises and egrets. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened. In 2018, Louisiana became the first U.S. state to join the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie as an observer. Edwards Signs Order Extending Phase Two and Other Restrictions in Louisiana Until September 11", "Gov. anonymous Celtic Park Celtic FC vs Dundee United North Stand Upper, Saturday, November 5, 2022. [c] The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans, Diocese of Baton Rouge, and Diocese of Lafayette in Louisiana are the largest Catholic jurisdictions in the state, located within the Greater New Orleans, Greater Baton Rouge, and Lafayette metropolitan statistical areas. [217][218] As of 2020, its GSP is greater than the GDPs of Greece, Peru, and New Zealand. They are the primary criminal patrol and first responder agency in all matters criminal and civil. With its first settlements, France laid claim to a vast region of North America and set out to establish a commercial empire and French nation stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. Despite Federalist objections, the U.S. Senate ratified the Louisiana treaty on October 20, 1803. Jefferson's political opponents in the Federalist Party argued the Louisiana purchase was a worthless desert,[79] and that the U.S. constitution did not provide for the acquisition of new land or negotiating treaties without the consent of the federal legislature. Others were transported by their owners as slaveholders moved west for new lands.[60][61]. [119] Gov. The French colony of La Louisiane struggled for decades to survive. [99], In the 1950s the state created new requirements for a citizenship test for voter registration. Edwards extended phase two until September 11,[120] and phase three began with speculation on October 9.[121]. Many Coles Creek sites were erected over earlier Woodland period mortuary mounds. [156][157][158] Its resident population was 4,657,757 as of 2020. In 1942, this office was abolished and became a division of the Department of Public Safety, called the Louisiana State Police. The earliest Jewish colonists were Sephardic Jews who immigrated to the Thirteen Colonies. It began in 1922 with the creation of the Highway Commission. In the late 18th century, the last Spanish governor of the Louisiana territory wrote: Truly, it is impossible for lower Louisiana to get along without slaves and with the use of slaves, the colony had been making great strides toward prosperity and wealth.[57]. "Scientific assessment of coastal wetland loss, restoration and management in Louisiana", Florida Greenways Commission. The maps below will help you access the stadium when visiting for matches and other occasions. The state was quickly defeated in the Civil War, a result of Union strategy to cut the Confederacy in two by controlling the Mississippi River. Religion Census | Religious Statistics & Demographics", "A Look at Religion in Shreveport-Bossier City", "Mosques and Islamic schools in Eastern Louisiana, Louisiana Salatomatic your guide to mosques & Islamic schools", "The Most Small Business-Friendly States, Metro Areas", "Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports, Ranked by Total Tons", "Table 2.1 2016 Global Top 20 Ports by Cargo Throughput", "Louisiana to be Southern Filmmaking Capital? The settlement of Natchitoches (along the Red River in present-day northwest Louisiana) was established in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis,[46] making it the oldest permanent European settlement in the modern state of Louisiana. [135][136][137][138] Louisiana's highest recorded temperature is 114F (46C) in Plain Dealing on August 10, 1936, while the coldest recorded temperature is 16F (27C) at Minden on February 13, 1899. As defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, Louisiana contains nine metropolitan statistical areas. During the decades after the American Revolutionary War, more than one million enslaved African Americans underwent forced migration from the Upper South to the Deep South, two thirds of them in the slave trade. When news of the purchase reached the United States, Jefferson was surprised. In 1932, the State Highway Patrol was authorized to carry weapons. The Caddoan Mississippians occupied a large territory, including what is now eastern Oklahoma, western Arkansas, northeast Texas, and northwest Louisiana. As an ethnically and culturally diverse state, pre-colonial, colonial and present-day Louisianians have adhered to a variety of religions and spiritual traditions; pre-colonial and colonial Louisianian peoples practiced various Native American religions alongside Christianity through the establishment of Spanish and French missions;[195] and other faiths including Haitian Vodou and Louisiana Voodoo were introduced to the state and are practiced to the present day. [210] The Port of South Louisiana continued to be the busiest port by tonnage in the U.S. through 2018. Its members are descendants of colonists from the Canary Islands who settled in Spanish Louisiana between 1778 and 1783 and intermarried with other communities such as Frenchman, Acadians, Creoles, Spaniards, and other groups, mainly through the 19th and early 20th centuries. In addition, colonists imported various West African peoples as slaves in the 18th century. [70] Beginning in the 1790s, waves of immigration took place from St. Dominican refugees, following a slave rebellion that started during the French Revolution of Saint-Domingue in 1791. [167] New Orleans has been defined as a sanctuary city. The Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority (CPRA) spends around $1billion per year to help shore up and protect Louisiana shoreline and land in both federal and state funding.[122][123]. Discover all the seat numbers & rows of all the sections in the stadium. Sands helped to plan the 1976 Balmoral Furniture Company . Data show more diverse population". Despite historically positive trends of population growth, Louisiana began to experience population decline and stagnation since 2021, with Southwest Louisiana's Calcasieu and Cameron parishes losing more than 5% of their populations individually. Many sold slaves to traders to take to the Deep South. The limited years of Spanish rule at the end of the 18th century did not result in widespread adoption of the Spanish language. By 1840, New Orleans had the biggest slave market in the United States, which contributed greatly to the economy of the city and of the state. Journal of Coastal Research, v. 30, no. [148] The majority of urban Louisianians live along the coast or in northern Louisiana. Low temperatures near 20F (7C) occur on occasion in the northern part of the state but rarely do so in the southern part of the state. [234], Through the centuries, the various Isleo communities of Louisiana have kept alive different elements of their Canary Islander heritage while also adopting and building upon the customs and traditions of the communities that surround them. As a resale marketplace, prices may be above face value . Resurrected view was a minimal issue. [103] Other chapters were formed in Mississippi and Alabama. Property taxes are assessed and collected at the local level. The state population in 1900 was 47% African American: a total of 652,013 citizens. Over time, planters developed large plantations and built fine homes in a growing town. Two unique dialects developed of the English language: Louisiana English, a French-influenced variety of English in which dropping of postvocalic /r/ is common; and what is informally known as Yat, which resembles the New York City dialect sometimes with southern influences, particularly that of historical Brooklyn. Following the American Civil War and emancipation of slaves, violence rose in the southern U.S. as the war was carried on by insurgent private and paramilitary groups. Louisiana has six congressional districts and is represented in the U.S. House of Representatives by five Republicans and one Democrat. The judiciary of Louisiana is defined under the constitution and law of Louisiana and is composed of the Louisiana Supreme Court, the Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal, the district courts, the Justice of the Peace courts, the mayor's courts, the city courts, and the parish courts. Louisiana's secession was announced on January 26, 1861, and it became part of the Confederate States of America. In the ShreveportBossier City metropolitan area, Muslims made up an estimated 14% of Louisiana's total Muslim population as of 2014. At its peak Cahokia is estimated to have had a population of more than 20,000. Starting in 1719, traders began to import slaves in higher numbers; two French ships, the Du Maine and the Aurore, arrived in New Orleans carrying more than 500 black slaves coming from Africa. With the possession of New Orleans, Napoleon could close the Mississippi to U.S. commerce at any time. The State Constitution of 1812 gave English official status in legal proceedings, but use of French remained widespread. Louisiana contains a number of areas which, to varying degrees, prevent people from using them. The mechanization of agriculture in the 1930s had sharply cut the need for laborers. A third distinct culture in Louisiana is that of the Isleos. The pine flatwoods are also at great risk, mostly from fire suppression and urban sprawl. [131] The sediments were carried from north to south by the Mississippi River. In 2004, David Vitter was the first Republican in Louisiana to be popularly elected as a U.S. Your Seattle Ticket Resale Marketplace. Mascrier), Fr. It is headquartered in London, England, near its main hub at Heathrow Airport.. In 1960 the state established the Louisiana State Sovereignty Commission, to investigate civil rights activists and maintain segregation. Amtrak, the national passenger railroad, operates three long-distance rail routes through Louisiana. The Louisiana Black Code of 1806 made the cruel punishment of slaves a crime, but owners and overseers were seldom prosecuted for such acts. He had authorized the expenditure of $10million for a port city, and instead received treaties committing the government to spend $15million on a land package which would double the size of the country. Acadia Parish Police Jury", "Why parishes? The Crescent serves Slidell then runs northeast to New York via Birmingham, Atlanta, Charlotte, and Washington, D.C. [273] The previous Republican senator, John S. Harris, who took office in 1868 during Reconstruction, was chosen by the state legislature under the rules of the 19th century. [97], Mobilization for World War II created jobs in the state. ", "New Orleans to host Super Bowl in 2025, not '24", "Woodland Hills High School in Pittsburgh has most NFL players; California leads states; Houston leads hometowns", "Terry Bradshaw confirms he checked in for 1983 surgery under alias 'Tom Brady', "James Carville and Mary Matalin's New Orleans home features stunning historic details and a mural that captures one of the "city's most glorious treasures", "Louisiana native Ellen Degeneres scheduled to receive Presidential Medal of Freedom today", "Mannie Fresh Biography Amoeba Music", "Question in the Form of an Answer: An Interview with Kevin Gates", "7 Things You Didn't Know About DJ Khaled", "Ali Landry Visits Home, Reveals Favorite Louisiana Obsession", "Jared Leto. This article is about the U.S. state. The first European explorers to visit Louisiana came in 1528 when a Spanish expedition led by Pnfilo de Narvez located the mouth of the Mississippi River. Napoleon looked upon Louisiana as a depot for these sugar islands, and as a buffer to U.S. settlement. Because of its distinctive culture within the United States, only Alaska is Louisiana's rival in popularity as a setting for reality television programs. This prompted private schools to lobby for school vouchers. Louisiana saw the United States' first and second black governors with Oscar Dunn and P.B.S. You need Mairead Nesbitt Celtic Violinist Ensemble tickets in Seattle and Only Seattle Tickets carries great seats. The state's two U.S. senators are Bill Cassidy (R) and John Neely Kennedy (R). In 1709, French financier Antoine Crozat obtained a monopoly of commerce in La Louisiane, which extended from the Gulf of Mexico to what is now Illinois. At the same time, there was tremendous social volatility in the aftermath of war, with many whites actively resisting defeat and the free labor market. Protestants are concentrated in North Louisiana, Central Louisiana, and the northern tier of the Florida Parishes. [169][170][171], The population density of the state is 104.9 people per square mile. The Mississippi River flows along a ridge formed by its natural deposits (known as a levee), from which the lands decline toward a river beyond at an average fall of six feet per mile (3m/km). [68], Spanish occupation of Louisiana lasted from 1769 to 1800. Edwards Signs Order Moving Louisiana to Phase One on May 15", "Gov. However, it is incorrect to equate the Louisiana Civil Code with the Napoleonic Code. Ricardo A. Olea and James L Coleman., Jr. (2014), A synoptic examination of causes of land loss in southern Louisiana as they relate to the exploitation of subsurface geologic resources. Monroe agreed with Livingston that Napoleon might withdraw this offer at any time (leaving them with no ability to obtain the desired New Orleans area), and that approval from President Jefferson might take months, so Livingston and Monroe decided to open negotiations immediately.