universal transport media vs viral transport media

<>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 2 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 6/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> Viral Transport Media. *** Generally, transport media consisting of certain types of inactivating transport media (ITM) would be regulated by this regulation. It is specifically designed to overcome the standard virus transport medium (VTM) and the universal transport medium (UTM) (these will not inactivate microorganisms, but also May be able to suppress the shortcomings of molecular testing). It has been used successfully for rapid antigen testing, DFA, viral culture and for molecular-based assays. The Impact of Universal Transport Media and Viral Transport Media Liquid Samples on a SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test Suppresses bacterial and fungal contamination by incorporating antibiotics in the medium. This, in addition to the fact that refrigerated transport and storage is not required, can assist with disease differentiation at reduced costs when compared to standard collection kits. Transport media for viruses are especially important as they are more labile than other infectious agents. The difference between UTM, MTM and VTM virus transportmedia. hn0EeaNx,H!*" The microbes DNA, and more importantly the labile RNA, is immediately stabilized and preserved at the point of sampling. Do I need to notify FDA that I am developing and distributing transport media under the policies outlined in the, Do I need to register my establishment with the FDA and list my device if I am developing and distributing transport media under the policies outlined in the, What commercial manufacturers are developing and distributing viral transport media (VTM) under the policy outlined in Section IV.B of the, What commercial manufacturers are developing and distributing PBS/saline transport media devices under the policy outlined in Section IV.C of the, CDC's SOP for the Preparation of Viral Transport Media, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Standard Operating Procedure (SOP): Preparation of Viral Transport Media, CDC's SOP: Preparation of Viral Transport Media, SOP: Preparation of Viral Transport Media, Culture Media, Non-Selective and Non-Differential, Microbial Nucleic Acid Storage and Stabilization Device, MedSchenker Smart Collection System (SCS), Disposable sampler Viral Transport Media manufactured after July 7, 2020, BioTeke Corporation Sterile Disposable Virus Sampling Swab Kits, GB Viral Transport Medium (VTM) Kit, Cat. No. For a complete list and further options please see our Cookie Policy. Viral transport media are used for the collection and transport of specimens containing viruses. As discussed in the guidance, these policies are intended to remain in effect only for the duration of the public health emergency related to COVID-19 declared by the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) on January 31, 2020, effective January 27, 2020, including any renewals made by the HHS Secretary in accordance with section 319(a)(2) of the Public Health Service Act (PHS Act) (42 U.S.C. Collectively, the COPAN group makes the majority of the world's flocked swab and viral transport media and is the recognized inventor of the flocked swab . (Catheter should reach depth equal to distance from nostrils to outer opening of ear.) endobj <> Microsoft Word for Microsoft 365 Universally Compatible Molecular Transport Media Kits. Aliquot 3mL of the medium into individual sterile conical screw-capped tubes (such as 16x100mm tubes). C7QX.R&OK2mb`]G/m=zytRYks~y&r3i?ho2L-I'H,lIn di.>a"r &apll,;b\bC%. MicroTest M4RT contains gelatin, gentamicin, and amphotericin B for the transport of viruses and Chlamydiae Patented formulations with stabilizing proteins, buffers, and specific antibiotics Provides compatible transport for cell culture, enzyme immunoassays, and molecular diagnostic tests Successful and reliable isolations of viruses can be accomplished when a suitable transport medium is used. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Both transport media also showed no significant difference in stabilization of the microorganisms at 4C and 22C over a 72 hour time span. FlexTrans may also be used in rapid detection systems such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and direct fluorescent testing. Use Dacron/polyester swabs, fully immersed in medium. No. Differences between throat and NP swabs: Throat swabs usually have a straight shaft of uniform thickness with a thicker head than an NP swab. Lactic acid (2-hydroxy propanoic acid) is a three-carbon organic acid obtained by carbohydrate fermentation due to microorganisms (Lactic acid bacteria) or chemical synthesis. Additionally, the BD CultureSwab MaxV (+) system is available in Amies gel medium without charcoal, in single- and double-swab formats, for the transport of aerobic and facultative anaerobic organisms5 Revision 7/07/20 TM 6 PrimeStore - MTM Beaver Inveox transport . A: As discussed in sections IV.B and IV.C of the COVID-19 Transport Media Policy, FDA does not intend to object to the distribution and use of the applicable products without compliance with certain requirements outlined in the policy. Download Product Focus Composition The universal solution Copan UTM is compliant with CLSI M40-A2 standards. In vitro diagnostic reagent Note: Tube appearance may differ based on available supplies, but all will be labelled as Universal or Viral Transport Media, with an expiration date. Yes*. These tubes may contain antimicrobial agents to minimize bacterial and fungal contamination, as well as glass beads that assist in releasing and dispersing the sample into the medium during laboratory vortexing. This blog shares information and resources about pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. More information on PrimeStore MTM novel virus transport media. The loosely packaged enveloped viruses obtained from human samples are generally more labile than the non-enveloped dense viruses. Sterilize by filtration and distribute in 1.02.0 ml volumes in screw-capped tubes. Viral Transport Media (VTM) are suitable for collection, transport, maintenance, and long-term freeze storage of clinical specimens containing viruses, chlamydia, mycoplasma, or ureaplasma organisms. I am Tankeshwar Acharya. Fungal blood cultures. A recent study by Public Health England [3]investigated a wide array of apparent inactivation reagents in current use in UK laboratories during the COVID-19 pandemic for sample transportation and subsequent molecular processing. A viral transport media (VTM) is a nutrient substance used to carry and maintain the viability of specimens (viruses) to a laboratory for the identification and further processing of the sample. The BD universal viral transport (UVT) system is designed to transport viruses, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas at room temperature. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. A: Yes, section IV.B of the COVID-19 Transport Media Policy discusses policies specific to commercial manufacturers of certain types of viral transport media that are class I (reserved) and subject to premarket notification requirements under section 510(k) of the FD&C Act. endobj Dispense 1.02.0 ml of transport medium into sterile plastic screw-cap vials. application/pdf Viral Transport Media (VTM) are suitable for collection, transport, maintenance, and long-term freeze storage of clinical specimens containing viruses, chlamydia, mycoplasma, or ureaplasma organisms. A second medium, PBS-Glycerol transport medium, which is the glycerol-based medium, provides longer-term stability of specimens where cooling is not immediately possible. According to the requirements of different manufacturers' products and testing environment, Desheng can provide both preservation solutions. 46 0 obj 2 Tilt patient's head back 70 degrees. As well as reducing the risks of handling live pathogenic samples, this also cuts costs by eliminating cold chain requirement and, as mentioned above, the need for Category 3 facilities, as testing can take place outside of containment. Call Customer Service 800.964.5227 Viral transport media kit brochure Download 321KB - PDF Product information Standard Collection Kit (options): Nasopharyngeal or Oropharyngeal swab Media or Saline Bio hazard transport bag 6x9 Absorbent Pad Packaged in a bag or tray Cardinal Health Aero-Med Specimen Collection Kitting Capabilities VTM and UTMs are designed for transporting samples intact for lab culture and contain components that inhibit optimal molecular testing, in comparison PrimeStore MTM was invented and optimised for molecular testing. As discussed in section IV.B.4 of the COVID-19 Transport Media Policy, FDA is interested in interacting with commercial manufacturers of alternative formulations of viral transport media that may wish to discuss alternative approaches to validation that are not identified in the policy. [56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R] EKF Diagnostics uses cookies to improve your experience. A Universal Transport Medium (UTM) is a storage and transportation container designed to maintain the viability of clinical specimens. <> Glass Sterile Saline Tube Inside U50. The fact that it also enables laboratories to test for both COVID-19 and influenza from a single sample will also be greatly beneficial as the Flu season approaches. 3. Use commercially inactivated FBS if available. FDA recommends that laboratories seeking to develop and use their own VTM refer to CDC's SOP: Preparation of Viral Transport Media. 44 0 obj 17. Immediately destroy all Viral Transport Media Containers. Universal transport media may be used to transfer samples to laboratories for use in viral antigen detection test, PCR and rapid tests. This medium does not need to be refrigerated or transported on ice and is suitable for storing and analyzing samples of various sizes. This means that it is ready for safe testing immediately on arrival at a laboratory and without need for containment. Single Use Samplers manufactured after 15 October, 2020, Universal Transport Medium (UTM), Cat. endobj 54 0 obj This includes necessary cookies to interact with the website, anonymous analytical data, and some third party cookies. endobj 4OO004, 4OO009, BioSci Disposable Virus Sampling Tube, SNT Biotech Disposable Virus Sampling Tube, Zhejiang Sorfa Life Sciences Research Co Ltd, Citoswab Collection and Transport Kit, P/N 2118-0419, Sample Preservation Solutions (LS-C-P-018). Convenient System with a Variety of Configurations, Sample Collection, Transport & Processing, Full Lab Automation & Artificial Intelligence, Available in individual transport tubes in bulk or as patient collection kits paired with a swab. In the virus sampling tube, it refers to the virus transport media. Clinical studies show that UTM paired with COPAN FLOQSwabs is equivalent to collections using aspirates and nasal washes for the diagnosis of respiratory virus infection. 48 0 obj MTM refers to the inactivated virus preservation solution, which is suitable for the collection, storage and transportation of infectious disease samples. The transport medium comes in a plastic, screw cap tube and maintains organism viability for 48 hours at room or refrigerated temperature. Safe molecular transport media (MTM) ready for monkeypox and COVID-19 samples. Another key benefit of MTM is that a sample can be safely stored at ambient temperature for up to seven days(Figure 1) or 28 days at 2 to 8C and re-used several times. 49 0 obj Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. A number of viral transport media are commercially available, which can directly be bought and used under the conditions mentioned. We often see three types in the sampling tube label: UTM, MTM, and VTM. . A: Yes, section IV.D of the COVID-19 Transport Media Policy outlines policies applicable to laboratories certified under CLIA that meet the requirements to perform high-complexity testing. COVID-19 has led to a significant increase in global demand for PrimeStore MTM, which is the only FDA Class II cleared device for microbial nucleic acid storage and stabilization (RNA and DNA) available for the safe transportation of samples which may contain viruses. 330CHL. The infectivity of viruses decreases over time, and generally, the decay rate is a function of temperature, so that stability is enhanced by cooling. The objective of this study was to determine the stability of severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in specimen transport media under various storage . while maintaining their viability and stability. %PDF-1.7 % DO NOT refrigerate. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. no. Taizhou Sun Trine Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Culture Media Concepts Sterile Normal Saline, 3 ML V468-3, Culture Media Concepts Sterile Phosphate Buffered Saline, 3 ML V591-3. Alternative fluids that are readily available in hospital settings can function as alternatives to Viral Transport Media. Both are pre-scored for easy breakage. Because they are labile to the environmental conditions, the viability of these viruses must be protected by using different solutions. Hangzhou Genesis Biodetection & Biocontrol Co., Ltd. The novel, patented sample collection device, PrimeStore MTM allows COVID-19 samples to be rapidly inactivated in the collection tube. 282 0 obj <>stream The main difference between MTM and VTM is that molecular transport media, such as PrimeStore MTM, will fully deactivate viruses, bacteria, fungi and mycobacterium tuberculosis, allowing safe sample handling and transport to greatly reduce infection risk. Preserves viruses and chlamydiae for long-term frozen storage. Designed and optimized for molecular applications, including qPCR and next generation sequencing, PrimeStore MTM uses a unique patented technology for safely collecting samples from patients with highly infectious diseases. 2021-05-12T10:02:45-04:00 h241U0P041S0R It would be nontoxic to cell cultures and not obscure the appearance of viral cytopathic effects. Label the bottle along with the date of production, additives, and expiration date. UTM paired with COPAN FLOQSwabs reduce costs and increase patient comfort when compared to nasal aspirates and washes. 55 0 obj 50 0 obj The BD universal viral transport (UVT) system is designed to transport viruses, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas at room temperature. 41116157. Contact Information. Specimen Lysis Tubes and Specimen Transport Medium (STM) are intended to be used for processing specimens for use with Hologic assays. Universal transport media (UTM) or viral transport media (M4) Specimens should be transported on ice. Transport the specimen to the Microbiology . No refrigeration requirements Related Products: Viral Transport Media Compare this item This medium can serve as a cryoprotectant for clinical viruses, including Cytomegalovirus and Varicella-zoster virus. PrimeStore MTM is a FDA cleared and CE IVD marked infectious disease sample collection, storage and transport system which was . To Commercial manufacturers of VTM should also include a statement that the device has been designed and validated consistent with CDC's SOP: Preparation of Viral Transport Media. 2 . R & D TEAM, Chemiluminescent reagent Some such media include the COPAN Universal Transport Media and the Eagle Minimum Essential Medium (E-MEM). The main difference between MTM and VTM is that molecular transport media, such as PrimeStore MTM, will fully deactivate viruses, bacteria, fungi and mycobacterium tuberculosis, allowing safe sample handling and transport to greatly reduce infection risk. Volume. This includes sterile VTM that have been designed and validated consistent with the current version of the CDC's SOP for the Preparation of Viral Transport Media as well as sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS)/saline transport media. Necessary Cookies are required for the normal function of this website. A: Yes, transport media are required to comply with all requirements, including 21 CFR Part 820; however, as discussed in the COVID-19 Transport Media Policy, in order to help increase availability of commercially manufactured transport media, FDA does not intend to enforce the Quality System Requirements under 21 CFR Part 820 when commercial manufacturers of VTM or sterile PBS/saline transport media within the scope of the guidance conform to ISO 13485:2016 Medical Devices Quality Management Systems Requirements for Regulatory Purposes. The full name of UTM is universal transport media, which is literally translated as universal transport media. endobj Store these vials at 20 C until used or at room temperature for short periods of 12 days. [68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R] If delivery and processing exceed 48 hours, specimens should be transported in dry ice and frozen at -70 C or colder once in the laboratory. The most commonly used in China is VTM, that is, viral transport media or virus transport medium literally translated virus transport media, divided into two types, the inactivated type is marked as Inactivated, and the activated type is marked as activated. As discussed in section IV.D of the COVID-19 Transport Media Policy, FDA does not expect laboratories to notify FDA if they plan to develop and use a transport media within the same corporate organization and common ownership by the same parent corporation. A suitable VTM for use in collecting throat and nasal swabs from human patients is prepared as follows: After sample collection, VTM can be stored at 2-25 C and processed within 48 hours. Multiple peer-reviewed scientific papers have been published from 2011 onwards, validating the use of PrimeStore MTM for reliable pathogen deactivation (Table 2) and detection from a wide variety of clinical matrices and biofluid types, and with a range of analytical platforms. 4 Begin gentle suction. This page includes questions and answers regarding the policies outlined in the Enforcement Policy for Viral Transport Media During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Public Health Emergency. Standard UTM and VTM media were designed for transporting intact viable microbial samples for culture, this means that there is still a biohazard which requires a controlled environment for subsequent laboratory work. To 1 litre of above add: benzylpenicillin (2 x 10. UTM-RT. Intended Use: The collection and transport of clinical specimens containing viruses, Chlamydiae, mycoplasma or ureaplasma from the . Johnson, F. B. This tube comes in a plastic screw cap and is suitable for the transport and preservation of a variety of medical specimens. f BDBPE14`LI0i "cml}SKSKPa3 !% Features and Benefits No refrigeration requirements In some parts of foreign countries, both VTM and UTM refer to the virus preservation solution. Viral Transport Media (VTM) is used to transport the following specimens.Body SitesPotential VirusesSpecimen CollectionEyeAdenovirus, enterovirus, coxsackievirus A, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus(VZV)Collect conjunctival swab on Dacron or rayon swab moistened with saline and place in VTM; aqueous and vitreous fluid placed in a sterile container without VTM.FecesAdenovirus, astrovirus, CMV, norovirus, rotavirusFecal specimens (preferred) in a leak-proof container; fecal swabs in VTMGenitalAdenovirus, CMV, HSV, papillomavirus, varicella-zoster virus(VZV)Collect on swabs and transport in VTMRespiratoryAdenovirus, coronavirus, hantavirus, CMV, HSV, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, metapneumovirus, measles virus, rhinovirus, RSV, VZVNasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) are specimens of choice from children, NPA or nasopharyngeal swabs collected from adults; bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections. endstream endobj 287 0 obj <>stream 4.3mL of Roche Cobas PCR Media i-Clean narrow-tipped flocked swab (80mm breakpoint) Media Type: Guanidine/ Guanidinium-based**. Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs also accepted in viral transport medium (discard OP swab included with viral transport medium), ESwab, or saline. Some VTMs also have additional ions and minerals that aid in maintaining the viability of such specimens. Hello, thank you for visiting my blog. Maximum ten (10) per order. R99, R64BX, Viral Transport Medium (Non-Inactivated Type), Disposable Virus Sampling Kit, Cat. PrimeStore MTM novel virus transport media, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352771420300823?via%3Dihub, https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2020-0175-LE, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.194613v1. 4 0 obj Add 0.8 ml gentamicin sulfate solution (50 mg/ml) and 3.2 ml amphotericin B (250 g/ml) . endstream It would preserve the activity of the virus, even at room temperatures. Universal Transport Medium Vials and Swabs. As multiple infectious disease tests can be processed from one sample swab, this makes PrimeStore MTM ideal for the approaching flu season. professor, I am teaching microbiology and immunology to medical and nursing students at PAHS, Nepal. Viral Culture and for Molecular-Based Assays. 2023-03-04T05:18:35-08:00 Virus is still abiohazard and testing should be under controlled containment, Destroys enzymes and nlucleases, preserving RNA and DNA, May contain enzymes and nucleases that damage RNA and DNA, Antimicrobial effectiveness testing of PrimeStore MTM (BioReliance Corp, Rockville, Maryland, USA (2010)), *Antibacterial effectiveness testing, cert. Liquid transport media are used primarily for transporting swabs or materials released into the medium from a collection swab. Of course, there are some differences in the composition of their preservation solutions. 124 0 obj Viral Transport Medium. The probability of successful isolation increases when the time interval between collection and inoculation of the culture is less and when the specimen contains as many virus particles as possible. Always read the manufacturers package insert for specific instructions regarding specimen collection and transport for the type of test kit being used. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Q(wz3[09JW0:O1Ahf6M@mj6Mw&/+U]!m.q^3!#dCk+}#;xXj?090'G9F7FZ}^8vRau[Z`i}$mc&bpvYF 5j`JnmghTz^90. For optimum results, the time-lapse between sample collection and inoculum onto the culture medium should be reduced to the minimum. Some antibiotics and chemicals used in VTMs might change the pH of the solution, which affects the viability of the organism. <> <> The FDA will acknowledge receipt of this email via auto-reply. Skirted, flat-bottom tubes with distinctive internal conical shape enable easy centrifugation of samples and allows the tubes to stand upright on the laboratory bench. The site is secure. The constituents of an appropriate viral transport media are selected to create an isotonic solution containing proteins to protect the viral structure, antibiotics to control microbial contamination, and one or more buffers to control the pH. In fact, this novel FDA cleared and CE IVD marked infectious disease sample collection, storage and transport system was specifically developed to overcome the short comings of standard viral transport media (VTM) and universal transport media (UTM). This is because samples collected and stored in MTM can be tested for both COVID-19 and influenza from a single swab sample that has been inactivated and stabilised. 247d(a)(2)). Results showed that of the specimen transport reagents tested, PrimeStore MTM was one of just two such reagents from which no residual virus was detectable by either TCID50 or by the passaging of treated purified sample. A: As discussed in the COVID-19 Transport Media Policy, the FDA does not intend to object to the distribution and use of viral transport media (VTM) devices or PBS/saline transport media devices where the manufacturer gives notification of validation of their transport media devices as outlined in the policy. The transport medium comes in a plastic, screw cap tube and maintains organism viability for 48 hours at room or refrigerated temperature. Copan Universal Transport Medium (UTM) system is intended for the collection, transport, and preservation of clinical specimens containing Viruses, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and Ureaplasma. PrimeStore MTM is seen as a real game changer for the sampling and transport of pathogenic samples from a safety, reliability and cost perspective. uuid:90ed6ba5-1dd2-11b2-0a00-6a0000000000 Parafilm or tape the connection and lid of the sterile trap before transport. Molecular Transport Medium Sales Analysis (2012 to 2021) Vs. Market Outlook (2022 to 2032) The global market for molecular transport mediums recorded a historic CAGR of 34.9% from 2012 to 2021.. Increasing sample transport during infectious disease outbreaks and the rising adoption of molecular transport mediums to transfer swabs to testing laboratories have resulted in market growth. TECHNOLOGY CITY, EZHOU CITY, HUBEI PROVINCE MedSchenker Smart Transport Medium (STM) System is intended for the collection and transport of clinical specimens containing viruses, chlamydiae, mycoplasma or ureaplasma from the collection site to the testing laboratory. Key enhancements include the addition of a third gene target for SARS-CoV-2 (RdRP now included in addition to E and N2), to be more robust against mutations. Image Source: BD. A: As explained in the COVID-19 Transport Media Policy, only VTM devices labeled as sterile should be used in the transport of clinical specimens to avoid introducing microbial contamination in to the specimen. Label the containers with the necessary information. endobj Thus, viral transport media are prepared with the idea of providing appropriate conditions of temperature, pH, and nutrients. Add 10g veal infusion broth and 2g bovine albumin fraction V to sterile distilled water (to 400 ml). About FLOQSwab Flocked Collection Swabs The policies in this guidance do not apply to transport media devices intended for viral inactivation, commonly referred to as inactivating transport media (ITM). The global coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a worldwide shortage of viral transport media and raised questions about specimen stability. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Disperse the solutions to bottles and ca the bottles. PrimeStore MTM (molecular transport media) is specifically designed to safely inactivate pathogenic samples whilst preserving and stabilizing the released DNA and RNA. endstream endobj 284 0 obj <>stream BD Universal Viral Transport System is for single use only; reuse may cause a risk of infection and/or inaccurate results. The lysis salt (guanidine hydrochloride, guanidine thiocyanate or others) in MTM can destroy the protective protein shell (capsid) of the virus, making the virus unable to infect again, but at the same time it retains the viral nucleic acid, which can be used for molecular diagnosis, sequencing and Nucleic acid amplification testing. Furthermore, as samples are live, cold chain storage and transportation is required. Microsoft Word for Microsoft 365 These cookies do not store any personal information. The impact of universal transport media (UTM) and viral transport media (VTM) liquid samples on the performance of the Healgen Scientific Rapid COVID-19 Antigen Test was investigated. Learn how your comment data is processed. She is particularly interested in studies regarding antibiotic resistance with a focus on drug discovery. It maintains organism viability for 48 hours at room or refrigerated temperature. A: Yes, section IV.C of the COVID-19 Transport Media Policy outlines policies for commercial manufacturers of sterile saline and PBS transport media. Provides protective protein and antibiotics to inhibit microbial contamination and buffers to control the pH balanced environment. <> Biological buffer In fact, the inactivated or activated virus preservation solution does not say which is better. These do not inactivate microbes and can also inhibit molecular testing. The main difference between MTM and VTM is that molecular transport media, such as PrimeStore MTM, will fully deactivate viruses, bacteria, fungi and mycobacterium tuberculosis, allowing safe sample handling and transport to greatly reduce infection risk.

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