names of families that owned slaves in texas

[22], By the 1800s, most enslaved people in Texas had been brought by slaveholders from the United States. Vol 3 contains contains mostly translated summaries documenting the Black experience in Texas. On the other hand, western parts of Texas were still a frontier during the American Civil War. Dirt floors were common, and beds attached to the walls were the only standard furnishings. 3" on the balcony of Ashton Villa: The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. Levi Anderson 1 13. States that had used it adopted other means to keep most African Americans from voting. Texas, Special Voter Registration, 1867-1869. 3 (Sep., 1898) (pp. Planters had hundreds of enslaved people arrested and questioned forcefully. Later he was given leadership of a Spanish expedition. Theirs was apparently a favored position, at least in this regard. They had no property rights themselves and no legal rights of marriage and family. 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. If they died, the boss did not suffer a monetary loss. In August 1831, Juan Davis Bradburn, the military commander of the custom station on Upper Galveston Bay, gave asylum to two men who had escaped from slavery in Louisiana. Many planters, however, lost part of their workforce temporarily to the Confederate Army, which impressed one-quarter of the enslaved on each plantation to construct defensive earthworks for the Texas coast and to drive military supply wagons. They were not, and even the best-treated slaves dreamed of freedom. After the Texas Revolution ended in 1836, the Constitution of the Republic of Texas made slavery legal. As a free lady, she was an astute entrepreneur as well as a social climber. In part due to the trade in enslaved people, New Orleans was the fourth largest city in the US in 1840 and one of the wealthiest. Mention is made of Henry being a judge.The following is from Rootsweb: But how would they make their way in the world after 1865? 1836-1864 (10 fiche) FS Library 6118915, Oral Histories Recorded at the Gregory School, African American Freedman's Savings and Trust Company Records, United States, Freedman's Bank Records, 1865-1874, U.S., Freedman's Bank Records, 1865-1871 ($), United States, Freedmen's Bureau Claim Records,1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Hospital and Medical Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Labor Contracts, Indenture and Apprenticeship Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Marriages, 1861-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Ration Records,1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Records of Persons and Articles Hired, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Freedmen's Court Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Land and Property Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Records of Freedmen's Complaints, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Records of the Superintendent of Education and of the Division of Education, 1865-1872, United States Freedmen's Bureau Miscellaneous Records,1865-1872, United States Freedmen's Bureau, Records of Freedmen, 1865-1872, African American Freedmen's Bureau Records. Such documents include censuses, marriage records, and medical records. On June 19, 1865, Union General Gordon Granger and over 2,000 federal troops arrived at Galveston Island to take possession of the state and enforce the two-year-old Emancipation Proclamation. Sugar. "The Texas Slave Insurrection of 1860," by William White. Thomas Love 7 4. Although slave marriages and families had no legal protections, the majority of slaves were reared and lived day to day in a family setting. Only one in every four families in antebellum Texas owned slaves, but these slaveholders, especially the planters who held twenty or more slaves, generally constituted the state's wealthiest class. American slavery was preeminently an economic institutiona system of unfree labor used to produce cash crops for profit. WebUnited States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850 Name index and images of slave schedules listing slave owners and only age, gender and color data of the slaves in cesus states or Slave plantations were concentrated along the low-lying farmlands of East Texas. Institute of Texas Cultures. Settlements grew and developed more land under cultivation in cotton and other commodities. Search for "FREEDMEN - TEXAS" in the Subjects search bar to find. Almost certainly, however, many came to believe that they would be free if the South lost. endstream endobj startxref [17] At the same time, however, Mexico offered full citizenship to free blacks, including land ownership and other privileges. Slaves were increasing faster than the population as a whole. 5.4 Church Records. After that, he could legally transport the enslaved people and sell them in New Orleans or areas further up the Mississippi River. On the other hand, the institution may well have contributed in several ways to retarding commercialization and industrialization. The use of slavery expanded in the mid-nineteenth century as White American settlers, primarily from the Southeastern United States, crossed the Sabine River and brought enslaved people with them. P.O. Favorable conditions for free blacks continued into the 1830s. Texas was the last frontier of chattel slavery in the United States. Freedmans Savings and Trust Company signature cards or registers from 3 March 1865 to 25 July 1874 may list the name of the depositor, date of entry, age, birthplace, residence, complexion, name of employer or occupation, wife or husbands name, death information, childrens names, name of father and mother, brothers and sisters names, remarks, and signature. The province continued to attract free blacks and escaped enslaved people from the Southern United States. To find Freedmen's Bureau records: Visit the African American Freedmen's Bureau Records page to learn more about utilizing these records. 5.2 Cemeteries. This company was created to assist African American soldiers of the Civil War and freed slaves. [31], By 1850, the enslaved population in Texas had increased to 58,161; in 1860 there were 182,566 enslaved, 30 percent of the total population. This page was last modified 06:24, 6 May 2021. is a professor of history at the University of Texas at Austin, and says addressing ones lineage of slavery is difficult, but ORourkes response helped bring the issue out into the open. Due to the state laws, he would receive half of the price he had paid. People of color who had been servants for life under Mexican law would become property. These tensions came to a head in the Anahuac Disturbances. WebThe enslavement of African Americans was the curse of early American life, and Texas was no exception. Sugar. Instead, slaves exercised a degree of agency in their lives by maximizing the time available within the system to maintain physical, psychological and spiritual strength. 25 percent. Residents of Texas, 1782-1836. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. Most of the early slaveholders owned only a few enslaved people, but a few brought enough to build plantations immediately. African American Museum, Dallas You can also look up Charleston Manifests by Slave Owner [table striped="true" The emancipated slaves celebrated joyously (if Whites allowed it), but then they had to find out just what freedom meant. The number After, ORourke shared his reaction on the blog site Medium. See also AGRICULTURE, AFRICAN AMERICANS, CIVIL WAR, RECONSTRUCTION, and SLAVE INSURRECTIONS. Slavery had been theoretically abolished by President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation which proclaimed, in 1863, that only those enslaved in territories that were in rebellion from the United States were free. The white primary was another way to exclude African Americans from making electoral decisions, and it was not overturned by the Supreme Court until 1944 in Smith v. Allwright. Masters disciplined their slaves to get the labor they wanted, and yet had to avoid many problems of resistance such as running away and feigning illness. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas, http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. 5.3 Census Records. Of course, because Texas did not consider itself part of the United States, Lincolns proclamation could have no effect until federal troops gained control of the state. Instead, place individual profiles into the category corresponding to the county of Texas where they held enslaved persons. J. C. Jenkins of Wilkinson, Mississippi: 523 slaves. Mrs. Mary C. Stirling/Sterling, Pointe Coupee (2), Louisiana: 338 slaves. Tyler, Ronnie C. and Lawrence R. Murphy. Slaves increased their minimal self-determination by taking what they could get from their owners and then pressing for additional latitude. House servants and craftsmen worked long hours, too, but their labor was not so burdensome physically. Dallas, TX The 1867 Voter Registration includes names of voters who registered in the period between 1867 and 1869. A. Anderson County, Texas, Slave Owners. [11], In 1829, Mexico abolished slavery, but it granted an exception until 1830 to Texas. Texans worried constantly that the Mexicans were going to free their slaves or at least cause servile insurrection. One result was the Turtle Bayou Resolutions, which were an explanation of the grievances that had led to the disturbances. Anderson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Austin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Bastrop County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Bell County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Bexar County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Bosque County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Brazos County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Burleson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Caldwell County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 12, 2), Cass County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Chambers County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Cherokee County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Collin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Cooke County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Dallas County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), DeWitt County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Ellis County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Falls County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Fannin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Fayette County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Fort Bend County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Freestone County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Galveston County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Gonzales County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 1), Grayson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Guadalupe County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 1), Harris County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 4, 0), Harrison County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 6, 1), Hays County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Hill County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Hopkins County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Houston County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Johnson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 1), Kaufman County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Lavaca County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Leon County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Madison County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Marion County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Matagorda County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), McLennan County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Milam County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Montgomery County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 5, 0), Nacogdoches County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Navarro County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Nueces County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Panola County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 12, 2), Polk County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Red River County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 4, 0), Rusk County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Sabine County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), San Augustine County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Shelby County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 9, 3), Smith County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Tarrant County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Titus County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Travis County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Tyler County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Upshur County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Walker County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Washington County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 1), Wharton County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0). %%EOF Economically, slave owners had a disproportionately large share of the state's wealth and produced virtually all of the cash crops. He I think [the conversation] happens in a number of spaces, Berry says. There is at least one positive outcome that could come from reckoning with slave-owning family members of the past. WebThe Neals, Foxes, and Timberlakes were all white families of at least moderate wealth that was dependent upon the forced labor of enslaved people. In other words, it was an underlying cause of the struggle in 18351836. Sam Houston made illegal importation from Mexico a crime in 1836. They often made matches with slaves on neighboring farms and spent as much time as possible together, even if one owner or the other could not be persuaded to arrange for husband and wife to live on the same place. African Americans immediately started raising legal challenges to disfranchisement, but early Supreme Court cases, such as Giles v. Harris (1903), upheld the states. The number likely would have been larger but for the attitude of the Mexican federal and state governments. Berry says McConnells refusal to acknowledge his history was interesting. She says the senators family history may have come to light because of his opposition to legislation related to reparations for descendants of enslaved people. Slavery was thus a constant source of tension in the lives of slaveholders. To circumvent the law, numerous Anglo-American colonists converted their enslaved people to indentured servants, but with life terms. Jubilee - The end of slavery in America! White society as a whole in antebellum Texas was dominated by its slaveholding minority. A Special Interest Group (SIG) of the Dallas Genealogical Society 0 For the time being, we are using this as the Slavery Plantation umbrella or portal. To Berry, having slave-owning ancestors shouldnt disqualify someone form holding office. Slavery was present in Spanish America and Mexico prior to the arrival of American settlers, but it was not highly developed, and the Spanish did not rely on it for labor during their years in Spanish Texas. Sources Taken from Szucs, Loretto Dennis, "Research in Census Records." The slaves themselves, however, also insisted on family ties. The collection is organized alphabetically by state, then city where the bank was located, then date the account was established, then account number. [7] The 1783 census for all of Texas listed a total of 36enslaved people. 535 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<511162D97422004CA0FA8843222F25B6>]/Index[509 45]/Info 508 0 R/Length 121/Prev 271316/Root 510 0 R/Size 554/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Dallas, Texas 75225-0446 The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states. William Fletcher 4 6. Sugar. Others hated their masters and their situation and rebelled by running away or using violence. Sean M. Kelley, Los Brazos de Dios: A Plantation Society in the Texas Borderlands, 1821- 1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010). In short, from 1821 to 1836, the national government in Mexico City and the state government of Coahuila and Texas often threatened to restrict or destroy African American servitude, but always allowed settlers in Texas a loophole or an exemption. The census of 1850 reported 58,161 slaves, 27.4 percent of the 212,592 people in Texas, and the census of 1860 enumerated 182,566 slaves, 30.2 percent of the total population. Web1800 Slave Owners 1. [16] That year, the American Stephen F. Austin was granted permission by Mexican authorities to bring Anglo settlers into Texas. Many of the fires had coincided with a summer drought, and new matches were susceptible to spontaneous combustion. And when they declared independence and wrote a constitution for their new republic, they made every effort, in the words of a later Texas Supreme Court justice, to "remove all doubt and uneasiness among the citizens of Texas in regard to the tenure by which they held dominion over their slaves." Austin: Encino Press, 1974. WebSouth Carolina's slave population in 1790 was 107,094, around 43 percent of the state population; by 1860 it was 402,406, around 57 percent of the total population. Most escapees joined friendly American Indian tribes, but others settled in the East Texas forests. They are informed that they will not be allowed to collect at military posts and that they will not be supported in idleness either there or elsewhere. Despite the fact that Texas was a slave state, however, most Texans did not own slaves. [17] Most of the settlers Austin recruited came from the southern slave-owning portions of the United States. 5 Resources. [3] Five years later, in September 1534, they escaped to the interior. [46], Unlike in other Southern states, only a small number of enslaved Texans, estimated at 47, joined the Union Army. Religion and music were also key elements of slave culture.

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