ferdinand marcos grandchildren
[243], To help finance a number of economic development projects, the Marcos government borrowed large amounts of money from international lenders. Manila: Former first lady Imelda Marcos has a total of eight male grandchildren by her three children, so no one would be interested to inherit her famous collection of about 3,000 pairs of shoes . Marcos's son Ferdinand, Jr., known popularly as "Bongbong," has also served terms as senator and Governor of Ilocos Norte. [64], "Bagong Lipunan" redirects here. Therefore, Marcos worked to identify himself closely with the US in order to secure a strong bargaining position with their government. [406][pageneeded] Hong Kong, more conveniently located for the Philippines, has developed facilities for the movement of money and the ready availability of various British lawyers who offer services of opening front or shell corporations for a fee. "[502] In the last weeks of the Ford administration, Marcos had rejected the US compensation, Kissinger's package, of $1 billion in mixed grants and loans for being too small. According to Senator Jose W. Diokno, "As torture (cases) declined, a more terrible tactic emerged; unofficial executions" suspected dissidents were simply arrested and vanished. November 9, 1965: Presidency Marcos switches parties to run against incumbent president. [72] He subsequently converted to Catholicism to marry Imelda Trinidad Romualdez. The daughter, Imee Marcos, 62, and the rest of the Marcos family have been enjoying a revival of sorts under the presidency of President Rodrigo Duterte, a self-professed fan of Ferdinand Marcos . [102], A special election was held on November 10, 1970, to elect the delegates of the convention. [81][pageneeded][82][pageneeded], When he sat for the 1939 Bar Examinations, he was a bar topnotcher (top scorer) with a score of 92.35%. Marcos's cronies were awarded timber, mining and oil concessions and vast tracts of rich government agricultural and urban lands, not to mention lush government construction contracts. [406][pageneeded][410], Imelda, in purchasing estate properties in Manhattan, organized many shell corporations based in Hong Kong, Panama and the Netherlands Antilles. Ferdinand was elected president in 1965, and Imelda, with her beauty and poise, soon drew. [102]:"133"[142], The investigation on the scheme was effectively shelved when Marcos declared martial law in September 1972, and had 11 opposition delegates arrested. The uprising, which was largely peaceful and had the backing of the Catholic Church, eventually won the support of senior members of the army. [227], On August 21, 1983, opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. was assassinated on the tarmac at Manila International Airport. This prompted U.S. officials to note that Marcos was only "recognized as a major in the roster of the 14th Infantry USAFIP, NL as of 12 December 1944 to his date of discharge". Switzerland's federal tribunal ruled in December 1990 that cash in Swiss banks would be returned to the Philippine government only if a Philippine court convicted her. Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr., dadalo ngayong gabi sa 'Tanyag, an evening with international Trade Partners' sa Taguig. [37][38] Among the major projects of the first term was the construction of the Cultural Center of the Philippines complex, considered one of the earliest examples of what would come to be known as the Marcoses' edifice complex. But unlike his forebears, Ferdinand Marcos Sr. rose from regional leader to national prominence, first as the president of the Philippine Senate in 1959, then as national president in 1965. Laurel thus reportedly saw in Marcos a mirror of himself and pleaded for his colleagues to acquit. Another property was bought for $90,000 in the area for the servants and security that was serving his son on November 23, 1978. CIBI was created pursuant to LOI No. [201][202], To instill patriotism among Filipino citizens and prevent the growing number of Chinese schools from propagating foreign ideologies, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. The result, which comes 50 years after his father declared martial law, would seal a Marcos comeback from Hawaiian exile to presidential palace. [406][pageneeded] Velasco, using either Decision Research Management, a shell company in Hong Kong, or through Velasco's nephew, Alfredo de Borja, purchased several expenses properties in California, including a mansion in Woodside for $1.5 million (price as of 1986), a condominium in Los Angeles for $675,000 (price as of June 3, 1982) and a luxury condominium in San Francisco for $400,000 (price as of 1984). [196]:13[197][198], According to Marcos's book Notes on the New Society, it was a movement urging the poor and the privileged to work as one for the common goals of society and to achieve the liberation of the Filipino people through self-realization. Ronald Reagan to intervene and put a stop to these cases. He also assured him that they will have every opportunity to prove their innocence in the US justice system. Panama is noted for its corrupt politicians and convenient transit point to the US. (Reuters: Erik De Castro) Imelda Marcos was charged with about 60 criminal and civil charges including corruption and tax evasion. [342], Members of the Marcos family deny that human rights violations happened during the Marcos administration. [406][pageneeded] Austria, which also has its own tradition of banking secrecy, allowed accounts to be opened without the client ever revealing his or her name, something Swiss banks did not even allow. Dean of the UP College of Law George A. Malcolm was Laurel's professor and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. Five more major protests took place in the Metro Manila area took place between then and March 17, 1970 what some media accounts would later brand the "7 deadly protests of the First Quarter Storm". He was not the only accused from the Marcos clan. The State Department in turn assigned former Deputy Chief of Mission to Manila, Robert G. Rich Jr. to be the point of contact. The more popular properties among those in this empire are the multimillion-dollar New York real estate investments, California banks and Swiss bank accounts; lesser known ones are villas in Austria, London, and Rome,gold and diamond investments in South Africa, and banks and hotels in Israel. [228] The 1985 acquittals of Chief of Staff General Fabian Ver as well as other high-ranking military officers charged with the crime were widely seen as a whitewash and a miscarriage of justice. 2, which called for a Constitutional Convention to change the 1935 Constitution. 889, through which he assumed emergency powers and suspended the writ of habeas corpus. [364] According to the study The Liberation Movements in Mindanao: Root Causes and Prospects for Peace, a doctoral dissertation by Marjanie Salic Macasalong, the number of Moro victims killed by the Army, Philippine Constabulary, and the Ilaga (a notorious government-sanctioned[365] terrorist cult known for cannibalism and land grabbing that served as members of the CHDF)[360] reached as high as 10,000 lives. Also Known As: Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. Born: September 11, 1917 in Sarrat, Philippines Parents: Mariano Marcos, Josefa Edralin Died: September 28, 1989 in Honolulu, Hawaii Education: University of the Philippines, College of Law Awards and Honors: Distinguished Service Cross, Medal of Honor Spouse: Imelda Marcos (m. 1954-1989) The government gave huge subsidies to the company. [247][248][249], As a former colony of the United States, the Philippines was heavily reliant on the American economy to purchase agricultural goods such as sugar,[250] tobacco, coconut, bananas, and pineapple. It was revealed that she is hiding parts of her father's ill-gotten wealth in tax havens in the British Virgin Islands. [3], Marcos claimed that he was a descendant of Antonio Luna, a Filipino general during the PhilippineAmerican War,[76] a claim which has since been debunked by genealogist Mona Magno-Veluz. A presidential crony representing Westington won for its principal the $500 million bid for the construction of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant in Bagac. Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (UK: /mrks/ MAR-koss, US: /-kos, -ks/ -kohss, -kawss,[5][6] Tagalog:[maks]; September 11, 1917September 28, 1989) was a Filipino politician, lawyer, dictator,[7][8][9] and kleptocrat[10][11][12] who was the 10th president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. In November 1998, the Hawaii Supreme Court overturned the ruling, but still maintained the award of US$6 million for the illegal arrest and torture experienced by Roxas.[303][304]. [33], The exiles stayed at Hickam Air Force Base at the expense of the US Government. As many student activists like Edgar Jopson and Rigoberto Tiglao, farmers like Bernabe Buscayno, journalists like Satur Ocampo, legal political opposition (Ninoy Aquino[324] and fellow candidate in 1978 election Alex Boncayao[219]), and priest and nuns joined or developed relationships with communist rebels,[325] many farmers,[326] student protesters,[327] leftists,[207] political opponents,[328] journalists and members of the media[329][330] accused of being members or sympathizing with the CPP, NPA or MNLF[331] or of plotting against the government were frequent targets of human rights violations. The Swiss are known for their mastery in money laundering thanks to the central role of secrecy in their society. [405], The overseas properties of Marcos and his associates created an empire spanning places as diverse as California, Washington, New York, Rome, Vienna, Australia, Antilles, the Netherlands, Hong Kong,Switzerland and Singapore. He is the eponym of the Cesar Virata School of Business, the business school of the University of the Philippines Diliman. [449], Masagana 99 also included a supervised credit scheme, which was supposed to provide farmers with the funds needed to pay for the program's technology package. Taking full advantage of their prominence, Ferdinand Marcos Jr., son of the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos Sr., has teamed up with Sara Duterte, daughter of President Rodrigo Duterte in the. Its budget is second to the national government. For the song, see, Post-WWII and congressional career (19491965), Social unrest after the balance of payments crisis, Early growth of the CPP New People's Army, Rumored coup d'tat and assassination plot, US foreign policy and martial law under Marcos, Withdrawal of Taiwan relations in favor of the People's Republic of China, Creation of the Credit Information Bureau, Snap election, People Power Revolution, and ouster (1986), 1986 RAM coup and People Power Revolution, Sandiganbayan, Supreme Court, and international trials, Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Complex, Laws passed during the Marcos administration. This discontent, the resulting resurgence of the opposition in the 1984 Philippine parliamentary election, and the discovery of documents exposing his financial accounts and false war records led Marcos to call the snap election of 1986. . This was a year before his second term as president was due to expire, but rather than leave office he declared martial law. [256][bettersourceneeded], In 1981, Ferdinand Marcos issued Letter of Instructions No. From 1965 to 1986, the Marcoses stole between $5 and $10 billion from the country, setting back Philippine development by decades. A post by Facebook page BBM Youth Advocate claimed that the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos and his wife Imelda were not found guilty of any charges filed against them. Data debunk Marcos's economic 'golden years', "Transcript of ABS-CBN Interview with Pablo Martinez, co-accused in the Aquino murder case", "Marcos Underwent Kidney Transplants, Doctors Say", "Autocrat With a Regal Manner, Marcos Ruled for 2 Decades", "Martial law: costly lessons in economic development", "NTG: 'Subversive Lives,' libro tungkol sa pinagdaanan ng Pamilya Quimpo noong Martial Law", "The Marcos legacy of fraudulent and illegitimate debts", "Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society", "History of the Philippine Sugar Industry", "The Roots of the Philippines' Economic Troubles", Structural Adjustment and Poverty Alleviation in the Philippines, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, "Code of Conduct Fundamentals for Domestic Credit Rating Agencies", "RP's biggest credit research firms form alliance", "Criminalizing Colonialism: Democracy Meets Law in Manila", "Marcos Blasts U.S. Reports He Was a Phony War Hero: American Records Fail to Back Him", "The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: IV: Military Intervention in the Philippines: 1986 1987", "Collapes of Marcos regime ends Soviet courtship", "IN SOVIET, A SHIFT TO INCREASING SUPPORT FOR MARCOS", "Gringo plotted to kill Marcos Almonte", "Enrile retracts 'Act of Contrition' he made when he thought he was facing death in 1986", "Marcos Flees and is Taken to Guam; U.S. A ruling family which was driven out of power. [402], On September 3, 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte said the family of the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos was "ready to return" their stolen wealth to the government, possibly through a settlement. [260][261], It was during this time that Marcos's World War II medals for fighting the Japanese Occupation was first questioned by the foreign press. A day after his proclamation, Nalundasan mocked Marcos publicly, organizing a mock funeral parade that ended in front of the Marcos house to show that Mariano's political career was "dead". This program was started in September 1981. The Philippine education system underwent two major periods of restructuring under the Marcos administration: first in 1972 as part of the ideology of the Bagong Lipunan (New Society) alongside the declaration of martial law; and second in 1981 when the Fourth Philippine Republic was established. [328], Summary executions were prevalent during the martial law era with bodies being recovered in various places and often bearing signs of torture and mutilation. [487] It reoriented the teaching of civics and history[487][488] so that it would reflect values that supported the Bagong Lipunan and its ideology of constitutional authoritarianism. In August 1985, 56 Assemblymen signed a resolution calling for the impeachment of President Marcos for alleged diversion of US aid for personal use,[233] citing a July 1985 San Jose Mercury News expos of the Marcos's multimillion-dollar investment and property holdings in the United States. [130], Opposition groups quickly grew in the campuses, where students had the time and opportunity to be aware of political and economic issues. In unofficial election results announced on Tuesday, Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr., . Thirteen of the 23 banks mentioned by Drilon are in Switzerland, namely: Swiss Credit Bank, Swiss Bank Corp., Bankers Trust AG, Banque Paribas, Affida Bank, Copla, S.A., Lombard Odier et Cie, Standard Chartered Bank, Swiss Volkabank, Bank Ricklin, Compaigne Banque Et d'Investissements, Compaigne de Gestion Et De Banque Gonet Sa Nyon, and Bank Hoffman AG. L-32432 Manuel B. Imbong vs. Jaime Ferrer", "September 1972: Recalling the last days and hours of democracy", "In 1971 and 2006, new Charters designed to keep embattled presidents in power", "Victor Corpus and Jose Almonte: The righteous spies", "MV Karagatan, The Ship of the Chinese Communist", "U.S. Killer Reported Hired In a Plot Against Marcos", "Foreign Relations of the United States, 19691976, Volume XX, Southeast Asia, 19691972 - Office of the Historian", "Ex-Communists Party Behind Manila Bombing", "The Left and Democratisation in the Philippines", "Joma Sison: CPP, Ninoy have no role in Plaza Miranda bombing", "Martial Law, the dark chapter in Philippine history", "Max Soliven recalls Ninoy Aquino: Unbroken", "Listen to 'Bagong Silang,' the Most Famous of Marcos-Era Propaganda Songs", "Sino-Philippines Relations: Moving beyond South China Sea Dispute? [73], Marcos lived with a common-law wife, Carmen Ortega, an Ilocana mestiza who was 1949 Miss Press Photography. They had three biological children: Ferdinand, Imee, and Irene Marcos. [314][315][316] In July 2017, the Philippine Court of Appeals rejected the petition seeking to enforce the United States court decision that awarded the $2 billion in compensation to human rights victims during the term of former President Ferdinand Marcos. [27], Only his brother Pacifico Marcos remains alive. [citation needed], According to Primitivo Mijares, Justice Jose P. Laurel, who penned the majority decision, saw himself in the young Marcos in that he had almost killed rival during a brawl during his youth, had been convicted by a trial court of frustrated murder, and was acquitted after appealing to the Supreme Court, and saw in Marcos an opportunity to pay forward his debt to society. 176,[203] preventing any educational institution to be established exclusively for foreigners or offer any curriculum exclusively for foreigners,[204] and restricted the teaching of the Chinese language to not more than 100 minutes a day.[205]. The opposition to Marcos united behind two American-educated leaders, Aquino's widow, Corazon, and her running mate, Salvador Laurel. This failed, however, and subsequently Marcos asked Hirschfeld to arrange a $10-million loan from Fassi. [251][pageneeded][252], According to World Bank Data, the Philippine's Annual Gross Domestic Product quadrupled from $8 billion in 1972 to $32.45 billion in 1980, for an inflation-adjusted average growth rate of 6% per year, while debt stood at US$17.2 billion by the end of 1980. [444], Construction of the Manila Film Center began in January 1981 and was spearheaded by Imelda Romualdez Marcos. The years that followed are remembered as one of the darkest periods in the nation's history, with widespread human rights abuses and corruption. They had three children: Irene, Ferdinand Jr and Imee. Imelda Marcos and her children were allowed to return to the Philippines in 1991 and worked on a stunning political comeback, helped by a well-funded social media campaign to refurbish the family . [150] Marcos and the AFP thus emphasized the "threat" represented by the formation of the Communist Party of the Philippines in 1969, even if it was still a small organization. Recruits were urgently needed, they said, to make use of a large influx of weapons and financial aid that China had already agreed to provide. When he fled to Hawaii by way of Guam,[275] he also brought with him 22 crates of cash valued at $717 million, 300 crates of assorted jewelry with undetermined value, $4 million worth of unset precious gems contained in Pampers diaper boxes, 65 Seiko and Cartier watches, a 12 by 4ft box crammed full of real pearls, a 3ft solid gold statue covered in diamonds and other precious stones, $200,000 in gold bullion and nearly $1 million in Philippine pesos, and deposit slips to banks in the US, Switzerland, and the Cayman Islands worth $124 million, which he all amassed during his dictatorship. The projected budget for the construction of CCP was P15 million, but by December 1968 the cost had already reached P48 million, and the construction was not even complete yet. He served three terms in Mariano's own former position as the Philippine House of Representatives as the Congressman for the second district of Ilocos Norte, from 1949 to 1959. [443], Construction of the bridge began in 1969. [citation needed], One of the first acts of Imelda Romualdez Marcos as the governor of Metro Manila was to legalize gambling to raise revenue for the new metropolis. Prior to his heart surgery, Ninoy, along with his two co-accused, NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno (Commander Dante) and Lt. Victor Corpuz, were sentenced to death by a military commission on charges of murder, illegal possession of firearms and subversion.[194]. Task Force Detainees of the Philippines (TFDP) has recorded:[338], Historian Alfred McCoy gives a figure of 3,257 recorded extrajudicial killings by the military from 1975 to 1985, 35,000 tortured and 70,000 incarcerated. The economic and political instability combined to produce the worst recession in Philippine history in 1984 and 1985, with the economy contracting by 7.3% for two successive years[226] and poverty incidence at 49% or almost half the Philippine population. [487], Changes sought by the second restructuring in 1981 was not extensively implemented as the administration was stymied by economic crises, and was eventually deposed. "[305] The Supreme Court of the Philippines affirms that the Marcoses' assets, that are beyond the legal and declared government salaries, are considered as ill-gotten wealth. During a campaign in Manila's Tondo district, Marcos retorted:[262]. They have established themselves in the country's politics, having established a political dynasty[3][4] that traces its beginnings to the 1925 election of Mariano Marcos to the Philippine House of Representatives as congressman for the second district of Ilocos Norte;[5] reached its peak during the 21-year rule of Ferdinand Marcos as president of the Philippines that included his 14-year dictatorship beginning with the declaration of Martial Law throughout the country;[5][6] and continues today with the political careers of Imelda Marcos, Imee Marcos, Sandro Marcos and reached its peak again with the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos Jr.[7], Imee Marcos has attributed the continued reign of the Marcos family to the inherent feudalism of Philippine culture. Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos held the Guinness World Record for the largest-ever theft from a government for decades,[64] although Guinness took the record down from their website while it underwent periodic review a few weeks before the 2022 election. The US responded by assisting his campaign indirectly, injecting several million dollars into the government banking system.[501]. [374], According to Presidential Commission on Good Government, the Marcos family and their cronies looted so much wealth from the Philippines that, to this day, investigators have difficulty determining precisely how many billions of dollars were stolen. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 05:43. [334][335], A 1976 Amnesty International report had listed 88 government torturers, including members of the Philippine Constabulary and the Philippine Army, which was respectively under the direct control of Major General Fidel V. Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile. [90] Though Marcos's rifle was found in its gun rack in the U.P. The officials of PLDT needed to be investigated for violations of foreign currency regulations and unearned income. "[440] Following this issuance, he appointed a seven-member board of trustees, who then unanimously elected Imelda Romualdez Marcos as its chair. [41] The Constitution was revised, media outlets were silenced,[42] and violence and oppression were used[24] against the political opposition,[43][44] Muslims,[45] suspected communists,[46][47] and ordinary citizens. Recognizes Aquino As President", "List of Marcos' Companions Released With PM-Philippines Bjt", "The End of an EraHandholding Ferdinand Marcos in Exile", "Marcos and Wife Enjoy The High Life in Hawaii", "The $10bn question: what happened to the Marcos millions? [481], There were numerous issues regarding its safety and usability. [citation needed], Crocker merely stated that the money came from "various Asian countries". Ferdinand Marcos Sr remained unburied for decades after his death. Carmen Ortega Marcos has four children with her husband Ferdinand Marcos as per ABS CBN. [146], Marcos's declaration of martial law became known to the public on September 23, 1972, when his press secretary, Francisco Tatad, announced through the radio[186][39][40] that Proclamation 1081, which Marcos had supposedly signed two days earlier on September 21, had come into force and would extend Marcos's rule beyond the constitutional two-term limit. [104][pageneeded], In March 1968 a Muslim man named Jibin Arula was fished out of the waters of Manila Bay, having been shot. [96], Another controversy arose in 1947, when Marcos began signing communications with the rank of lieutenant colonel, instead of major. This information eventually reached President Ronald Reagan, who placed Marcos under "island arrest", further limiting his movement. [130], Marcos's spending during the campaign led to opposition figures such as Senator Lorenzo Taada, Senator Jovito Salonga, and Senator Jose W. Diokno to accuse Marcos of wanting to stay in power even beyond the two term maximum set for the presidency by the 1935 constitution. Around the same time, her father's law practice fell onto hard times, which led him to move his family to Tacloban in the Leyte province. Ferdinand Marcos left office in disgrace 36 years ago, ousted by the People Power Revolution, which drew millions on to the streets and forced the family to flee the presidential palace by helicopter. [434], The Marcos administration's spending on construction projects expanded even more with the construction of prominent building projects,[435] mostly meant to build up Imelda Marcos's power base within the administration by projecting her as a patroness of the arts. The American economist James K. Boyce calls this phenomenon "immiserizing growth", when economic growth, and political and social conditions, are such that the rich get absolutely richer and the poor become absolutely poorer. [293][294][295], Marcos died at St. Francis Medical Center in Honolulu at 12:40 a.m (HST) on September 28, 1989, of kidney, heart, and lung ailments, 17 days after his 72nd birthday. Having a total length of 2.16 kilometres (1.34mi), it is the longest bridge over a body of water in the Philippines. Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr and his family By Jonathan Head South East Asia correspondent History has come full circle in the Philippines. [481] The site chosen for the nuclear plant was also dangerous, as it was built near the open sea and the then-dormant Mount Pinatubo, and was within 25 miles of three geological faults. Marcos Sr's rule ended in 1986, when a mass uprising saw millions of people take to the streets and the Marcos family - including a 28-year-old Bongbong - fled the country for Hawaii. 889, through which he assumed emergency powers and suspended the writ of habeas corpus[182] an act which would later be seen as a prelude to the declaration of martial law more than a year later. In 2011, the government had to reimburse P4.2 billion to National Power Corporation for the plant's maintenance. Thus far, he is the last Senate President to become President of the Philippines. Mr. and Mrs. Bongbong Marcos with their children, Vincent, Simon, and Sandro May dalawang anak naman si Irene Marcos sa kanyang asawang si Gregorio Maria Araneta III. By March 1975, Westinghouse's contract price increased to $1.1 billion for interest and escalation costs. [286][287], In response, the Aquino government dismissed Marcos's statements as being a mere propaganda ploy. For a detailed treatment of corruption under Marcos, see, President of the Senate of the Philippines, 1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum, economic collapse that began in early 1983, Presidential Commission on Good Government, Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story), List of cabinets of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos (19651986), First term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Cultural Center of the Philippines complex, The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos, 1969 Ferdinand Marcos presidential campaign, 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, Second term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971, Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties, National Democracy Movement (Philippines), Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataang Pilipino, Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company, Philippine American Life and General Insurance Company, Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, first presidential election in twelve years, United Nationalists Democratic Organizations, Economy of the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Learn how and when to remove this template message, February 1986 Reform the Armed Forces Movement coup, United States House Foreign Affairs subcommittee, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship, Metrocom Intelligence and Security Group (MISG), List of torture methods used by the Marcos dictatorship, Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines, Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family, Monopolies in the Philippines (19651986), too many subsection headers dividing up its content, Philippine International Convention Center, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic, Economic history of the Philippines (19651986), List of films about martial law under Ferdinand Marcos, List of South East Asian people by net worth, "Ferdie and Meldy's House of love, lies, and loot", "Hunt for tyrant's millions leads to former model's home", "Ferdinand Marcos' Aussie daughter axed from TV show", "Lootable Resources and Political Virtue: The Economic Governance of Lee Kuan Yew, Ferdinand Marcos, and Chiang Kai-shek Compared", "Regime of Marcoses, cronies, kleptocracy", "Curbing Corruption in the Philippines: Is this an Impossible Dream", "Shoes, Jewels, and Monets: The Immense Ill-Gotten Wealth of Imelda Marcos", "Excerpt Imelda Marcos from ABC 20/20 March 1986", "Marcos family returning to the limelight in the Philippines", "Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines 22 November 5 December 1975", "Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime", "Marcos' World War II 'medals' explained", "Suspicions resurface about Marcos heroism", "Marcos's wartime role discredited in U.S. files", "Under Marcos dictatorship unemployment worsened, prices soared, poverty persisted", "The truth about the economy under the Marcos regime", "Open records of Marcos' spy agency, Enrile urges", "The economic decline that led to Marcos' fall", "The Mark of Marcos Part I: A deafening silence in the Philippines", "The Political Economy of the Philippines Under Marcos Property Rights in the Philippines from 1965 to 1986", "Imee done with apologizing for atrocities during Marcos regime", "Philippine Church Leaders Fear Failure of Government-Muslim Negotiations", "Martial Law veterans recall fighting dark days of dictatorship", "Why the Late Philippine Dictator Was No Hero", "From Aquino's Assassination to People's Power", "In Crucial Call, Laxalt Told Marcos: 'Cut Cleanly', "Marcos Flees, Aquino Rules Peaceful Revolt Ends In Triumph", "The undelivered speech of Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. upon his return from the U.S., August 21, 1983", "Last interview with and footage of Ninoy Aquino assassination", "Philippines still seeks $1 billion in Marcos wealth 30 years after his ouster", "What Marcoses brought to Hawaii after fleeing PHL in '86: $717-M in cash, $124-M in deposit slips", "Political Will guides Marcos case in Philippines", "From Marcos to Gaddafi: Kleptocrats, Old and New", "Martial Law fashion: The Imeldific and the Third World look", "Fact check: Guinness not disputing historical fact on 'greatest robbery of a gov't', "Families Remain Strong in Congress, but their Influence is Waning", "Marcos's Mother, and Her Hospital Bill, Are Left Behind", "FACT CHECK: Ferdinand Marcos Sr. is a descendant of General Antonio Luna #FactsFirstPH", "The Chinese Mestizos and the Formation of the Filipino Nationality", "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Post revives FALSE claim ex-president Marcos scored 98.01% in bar exams", "Chan Robles Virtual Law Library: Philippine Supreme Court Decisions On-Line", People vs. Mariano Marcos, et al., 70 Phil.