nervous tissue histology ppt
Schwann cells are different than oligodendrocytes, in that a Schwann cell wraps around a portion of only one axon segment and no others. Describe the organization and understand some of the basic functions of regions of the: Observe the 3-layered organization of the, Outer plexiform (molecular) layer: sparse neurons and glia, Outer granular layer: small pyramidal and stellate neurons, Outer pyramidal layer: moderate sized pyramidal neurons (should be able to see these in either, Inner granular layer: densely packed stellate neurons (usually the numerous processes arent visible, but there are lots of nuclei reflecting the cell density), Ganglionic orinner pyramidal layer: large pyramidal neurons (should be able to see these in either, Multiform cell layer: mixture of small pyramidal and stellate neurons. The neuronal bodies within the grey matter are organized into layers (laminae). It monitors and regulates the functions of the body. Cardiomyocytes contain actin and myosin filaments just like other muscle cells, but they have some special structural and functional properties. These cells contain contractile filaments (myofibrils) called actin (thin) and myosin (thick). They can be classified as sensory or autonomic. Recall thatSchwann cells are the glial cells responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system. It consists of widely separated mesenchymal cells and ground substance with an abundance of hyaluronic acid. Histology - study of tissues Tissue - a collection of similar cells that group together to perform a specialized function. An important part of the function of neurons is in their structure or shape. Continue your learning with these resources. The respiratory system consists of the lungs and a series of passageways (nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea and bronchi) that connect alveoli to the external environment. Slide 13270 astrocytes, Gold-staining View Virtual Slide Go to a lighter stained area of the slide, which is in focus, and look for typical star-shaped cells, which represent astrocytes. 2023 ("4" in the orientation figure) a polymorphic layer containing nerve fibers (known as "mossy fibers") and cell bodies of interneurons, ("5" in the orientation figure) a middle granule cell layer containing the round, neuronal cell bodies of dentate granule cells. Let histology be a piece of cake once you learn how to examine a histology slide! Gray matter is mostly made of neuronal bodies, dendrites and glial cells whereas white matter is made primarily out of myelinated axons. Pancreatic serous acini secrete digestive enzymes which break down fat, carbohydrates and proteins. Epithelial tissue can cover external surfaces (skin), line the inside of hollow organs (intestines) or form glands. This is done by the use of a complementary nucleotide probe, which contains a radioactive or fluorescent label. The most common technique used is the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Histology is the science of the microscopic structure of cells, tissues and organs. Cells are categorized into various types, all of which perform different functions. Bundles of myelinated axons in the brain are called tracts, while bundles of axons in the PNS are called nerves. Pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex act as upper motor neurons, which then synapse with the lower motor neurons that are in direct contact with muscles to initiate contraction. Each organ of the digestive system has properties that make it specialized for its role in the digestion, absorption and excretion of food. The most used tool today for examining cells, tissues and organs is optic (light) microscopy. 2. Generally, they are supporting cells for the neurons in the central nervous system. The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels and lymphoid organs. Examine the boundary between molecular and granule cell layers. Glial cells, or neuroglia or simply glia, are the other type of cell found in nervous tissue. Neuroglia. As such, nerves do not contain neural cell bodies. Tissues. Some well-known lymphatic nodules include; the tonsils, Peyers patches and vermiform appendix. Neurons (Nerve cell bodies) 5 6 5. Slide NP004N hippocampal region, coronal section, luxol blue View Virtual SlideSlide 13270astrocytes,Gold-stainingView Virtual Slide. When responding to a foreign threat, immune system cells can activate non-specific inflammation or progress to a specific immune response. Once urine is formed from the ultrafiltrate, it travels through the excretory pathway of tubes, all of which are lined by transitional epithelium with the exception of some parts of the urethra. The dorsal nucleus of Clarke slide 066a View Image is in the dorsal horn and contains relatively large, multipolar neurons that receive proprioceptive information from dorsal root ganglion cells that are innervated by muscle spindles in the trunk and lower limb. Nervous tissue is made up of just 2 types of cells: Neurons. The epidermis (epithelium) and dermis (connective tissue) compose the skin. These vibrate to produce sound as air passes through them. Pulmonary capillaries come into close contact with the alveoli, forming the blood-air barrier. Mescher, A. L. (2013). Just medial (to the right) of the tail of the caudate, note the choroid plexus slide NP004N View Image, which consists of highly convoluted and vascularized villi covered by ependymal cells which are specialized for the production of cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF. Since tissues are relatively colorless, the magnifying properties of the optic microscope are not sufficient for proper visualization of a specimen; therefore staining techniques described above are coupled with optic microscopy. Nutrient molecules, such as glucose or amino acids, can pass through the BBB, but other molecules cannot. There are six types of glial cells. Two nodes of Ranvier are circled in Figure 9 below. Everything absorbed through the alimentary tract passes through the special discontinued capillaries of the liver before going anywhere else. Reviewer: They have one axon and two or more dendrites (usually many more). The spinal cord contains a butterfly-shaped area of grey matter surrounded by an outer layer of white matter. Neurons are the cells considered to be the basis of nervous tissue. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus, a tuft of fenestrated capillaries which creates an ultrafiltrate of blood. Reading time: 28 minutes. This is because the liver, among many other things, is the major detoxifying machine of the body. It contains connective tissue, mostly composed of adipocytes. Nervous tissue consists of two cells: nerve cells or neurons and glial cells, which helps transmit nerve impulses and also provides nutrients to neurons. The only freely mobile joints are synovial joints, in which adjacent joint surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage, a soft type of cartilage rich in glycoproteins, proteoglycans and type II collagen. Histology Study of Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Nervous and Muscular Tissue Intercellular Junctions, Glands and Membranes Tissue Growth, Development . Correct answer 1. and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide! They are electrically active and release chemical signals to target cells. While this barrier protects the CNS from exposure to toxic or pathogenic substances, it also keeps out the cells that could protect the brain and spinal cord from disease and damage. The nucleus is considered to be the brain of the cell. The edges of this loose enclosure extend toward each other, and one end tucks under the other. The nervous system is responsible for all our. All cells are enveloped by a semipermeable two-layered membrane, which serves as a dynamic medium for the cells interaction with the external environment. Based on the number of processes, neurons are classified into multipolar, bipolar and unipolar. Other staining techniques such as Masson trichrome, alcian blue, reticulin stain and others are sometimes used to demonstrate specific tissue components not seen on a H&E stain. When viewing the microscopic anatomy of the ovary, we can see that it consists of a surface germinal epithelium (capsule), ovarian follicles (cortex) and connective tissue (capsule, cortex medulla). A unity of cells with a similar structure that as a whole express a definite and unique function. Information flows through a neuron from the dendrites, across the cell body, and down the axon. Examine the gray matter on each side of the sulcus using first low and then high power. Did you know that the only thing preventing all the water in your body from leaking out through your skin are the tight junctions between the keratinocytes? Based on morphology, epithelial cells can be either squamous (flat), cuboid (cube) or columnar (rectangular). Description: Chapter 11 Histology of Nervous Tissue J.F. This preserves it into the same state that it had when it was in the body, and thus, keeps it from degrading. the peripheral nerves and peripheral ganglia. For example, a multipolar neuron that has a very important role to play in a part of the brain called the cerebellum is known as a Purkinje (commonly pronounced per-KIN-gee) cell. Peripheral nerves are analogous with neural tracts of the CNS. Depending on the type of cells present (fibroblasts, osteocytes, erythrocytes) and the ECM arrangement, connective tissue can be classified as connective tissue proper or specialized connective tissue. The cell body contains the nucleus and most of the major organelles. On a longitudinal section, cardiomyocytes appear branched, joined together by specialized junctions called intercalated discs which allow them to quickly exchange electrical impulses and work as a syncytium. Click on launch activity 2. Bipolar cells are not very common. By examining a thin slice of bone tissue under a microscope, colorized with special staining techniques, you see that these seemingly simple bones are actually a complex microworld containing an array of structures with various different functions. Due the nature of histological sampling, it is impossible to see the entirety of a three-foot-long neuron on a single slide. The name suggests that it has no axon (an- = without), but this is not accurate. Get an overview of the different types of epithelial tissue: Connective tissue connects, separates and supports the body organs. Each gap is called a node of Ranvier and is important to the way that electrical signals travel down the axon. The ovary is actually an organ homologous to the male testis, it gives rise to the gametes (ova) and steroid hormones (estrogen, progesterone). Do you know why some structures stain blue (basophilic) and others pink (eosinophilic)? But what makes neurons special is that they have many extensions of their cell membranes, which are generally referred to as processes. Because of the difficulty of discerning each glial cell type by routine light microscopy, you will not be required to identify glial cells in HE-stained sections by light microscopy, but you should be aware of their functions. The dermis is a layer of connective tissue that contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerve endings. DiFiores atlas of histology with functional correlations. Four main groups of tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous tissue. Title: PowerPoint Presentation Author: Jennifer Ann Jost Last modified by: Jeff Keyte Created Date: 10/29/2003 10:25:53 PM Document presentation . The other major glial cell type you should know about are microglia which are small cells derived from blood monocytes. If the myelin sheath were drawn to scale, the neuron would have to be immensepossibly covering an entire wall of the room in which you are sitting. For oligodendrocytes, the rest of the cell is separate from the myelin sheath as a cell process extends back toward the cell body. Vocal cords are housed in the larynx, formed by two folds of mucosa, each containing a supporting ligament (vocalis ligament) and a skeletal muscle (vocalis muscle). Next, the tissue is embedded with paraffin wax, which firms the tissue enough permit thin slices. ("6" in the orientation figure) a molecular layer containing dendrites of the granule cells. Neurons are important, but without glial support they would not be able to perform their function. Review the organization of gray and white matter in cerebral cortex vs. spinal cord. Neurons are the primary type of cell that most anyone associates with the nervous system. Because of the privileged blood supply inherent in the BBB, the extracellular space in nervous tissue does not easily exchange components with the blood. When macrophages encounter diseased or damaged cells in the rest of the body, they ingest and digest those cells or the pathogens that cause disease. Pyramidal cells and olfactory cells are two other examples of neurons named for these classifications which will be discussed later. Correct answer 1. At a microscopic level, a nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a series of tubules. Philadelphia, Pa: Wolters Kluwer. All of these features give muscles the ability to contract and perform various functions, such as movement of the extremities (skeletal muscle), peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract (smooth muscle) and beating of the heart (cardiac muscle). They are responsible for the computation and . Access to the supplemental resources for this session is password-protected and restricted to University of Michigan students. Below the dermis, a layer of subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is found. Ongoing research pursues an expanded role that glial cells might play in signaling, but neurons are still considered the basis of this function. Copyright Cerebellar . The study of. The spleen on the other hand, filters blood. There are more tissues on the website than you are responsible for. They are considered to be supporting cells, and many functions are directed at helping neurons complete their function for communication. Click on human from the drop down list 5. Each one reaches out and surrounds an axon to insulate it in myelin. Central Nervous System Connective Tissue Ear Endocrine System Epithelial Tissue Eye Female Reproductive System . Lining ventricles of the brain, creating CSF. These exclusively contain neurons with a pseudounipolar neuronal arrangement. Thoroughly learn the parts of a cell using our diagrams and cell quizzes! In the PNS, myelin is produced by Schwann cells, which wrap around the axon. Name this exception. Pia mater 2. Histology Complete and Basic Tissues. In these slides, dorsal happens to be "up," but you should be able to tell dorsal and ventral horns based on morphology and the cells present rather than the orientation. The cells of Clarke's nucleus then relay this information via axonal projections that extend all the way up into the cerebellum (hence the reason why the cells are so large) where it is processed to allow for coordinated movement. Controls and integrates all body activities. Resources in the University of Michigan Histology Dropbox, Slide 065-1N spinal chord Masson cross View Virtual Slide, Slide 065-2 spinal cord lumbar H&E cross View Virtual Slide, Slide 065-1 spinal cord lumbar H&E cross View Virtual Slide, Slide 066a thoracic spinal cord thoracic spinal cord luxol blue cross View Virtual Slide. As a muscle contracts, its tendon transmits the force to the bone, pulling on it and causing movement in the associated synovial joint. Above the temporal (ventral or inferior) horn of the lateral ventricle the lateral geniculate nucleus is present. Be sure you identify the white matter in bothluxol blue-stainedslide 076View ImageandTB&E-stained#076bView Imagesections, as it will appear differently in these two stains. During development, the glial cell is loosely or incompletely wrapped around the axon (Figure 6). Nervous tissue histology 1. Here, the tissue of interest is immersed in a fixative solution. Histology. It is categorised as skeletal, cardiac or smooth. Histology (6th ed.). View HISTOLOGY OF NERVOUS TISSUE A.ppt from BIO 001 at Holy Angel University. Oligodendrocytes have processes that reach out to multiple axon segments, whereas the entire Schwann cell surrounds just one axon segment. Type II pneumocytes are also important because they secrete surfactant which prevents the lungs from collapsing. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. It consists of small, spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells and ground substance with sparse collagen and reticular fibers. Then, get ready to test your knowledge! It consists of neurons and supporting cells called neuroglia. Astrocytes - Technically, the junctions between endothelial cells constitute the actual "barrier." All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. The glomerulus contains some interesting cells, such as mesangial cells which have supportive and phagocytic properties; juxtaglomerular cells that secrete renin which acts, in a broad sense, to help regulate our blood pressure; podocytes that control the permeability of the filtration membrane; and many more. DNA is condensed and coiled up into chromosomes. Remember that the perikaryon is the metabolic support center for each neuron, so, therefore, motor neurons require much larger perikarya. 1:00 - 1:50 Nervous Tissue ppt | pdf | lecture recording (for both hours) 2:05 - 2:55 Connective Tissue ppt | pdf. Nervous tissue is composed of two types of cells, neurons and glial cells. Gordana Sendi MD Friday, August 26 The ECM of nervous tissue is rich in ground substance, with little to no protein fibers. Most substances that cross the wall of a blood vessel into the CNS must do so through an active transport process. The endocrine system is a set of tissues that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Ross, H. M, Pawlina, W. (2011). Both respond immunologically to foreign material in the fluid passing through. Histology (Tissues). It is this myelin, a lipid-rich sheath covering axons, that causes white matter to be lighter in color than grey matter. It will also benefit the publication of several new topics (Hematology, Pathogen ID, and Gross Anatomy). The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Nicola McLaren MSc Contrast the differences in the histological appearance of a pyramidal cell versus a Purkinje cell. Much like the male, the female reproductive system is also designed for reproduction and sexual pleasure. This coronal section includes the hippocampus (hippocampus = sea horse), dentate gyrus, and adjacent temporal lobe gyrus (entorhinal cortex). Very little can pass through by diffusion. Our engaging videos, interactive quizzes, in-depth articles and HD atlas are here to get you top results faster. Unipolar neurons have only one process emerging from the cell body which causes them to appear T-shaped. Neurons are specialized cells that contain a body (soma) and one or more processes (dendrites, axons). The three-dimensional shape of these cells makes the immense numbers of connections within the nervous system possible. Different regions of the nervous system have distinct histological characteristics that make them easily recognizable, under the microscope. Histology of Nervous Tissue Feature of nerves tissue Type of cell: neuron & neuroglia General feature of neuron Type of Expert Help They are considered part of the mononuclear phagocytic system and will proliferate and become actively phagocytic in regions of injury and/or inflammation. Histology of Nervous TissueNervous system ppt #2. In addition to the dorsal and ventral horns, two structures especially obvious in the thoracic cord are the dorsal nucleus of Clarke and the lateral extension of the ventral horn. . How is this different in the spinal cord? Nonetheless, it is loosely stratified into layers containing scattered nuclei of both neurons and glial cells. Because information flows through the neuron from dendrites or cell bodies toward the axon, these names are based on the neurons polarity (Figure 2). Lymph nodes are distributed along lymphatic vessels, filtering lymph as it passes through. In situ hybridisation is a method of localizing and quantifying DNA or RNA sequences. All spaces are occupied either by the processes of neurons or glia or by capillaries (these capillaries are somewhat swollen here because the tissue was fixed by perfusion). Within the axon hillock, the cytoplasm changes to a solution of limited components called axoplasm. Using slide 77, determine that the cerebellar cortex is organized into an outer molecular layer slide 077 View Image containing basket and stellate cells (not distinguishable by routine light microscopy) as well as axons of granule cells found in the deeper, highly cellular granule layer slide 077 View Image. Chapter 1 The Cell Chapter 2 Epithelium Chapter 3 Connective Tissue Chapter 4 Muscle Chapter 5 Cartilage and Bone Chapter 6 Nervous Tissue Chapter 7 Peripheral Blood Chapter 8 Hematopoiesis Organ Systems These include epithelial cells, fibroblasts, neutrophils, erythrocytes, keratinocytes, chondrocytes just to name a few. - A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as an HTML5 slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 4617df-OTVjO If you are a University of Michigan student enrolled in a histology course at the University of Michigan, please click on the following link and use your Kerberos-password for access to download lecture handouts and the other resources. Author: For example, nerves can be classified based on their function. The predominant cells visible on the slide are called pyramidal cells (named for their triangular shape). Want to create or adapt books like this? Glial cells, or glia, are known to play a supporting role for nervous tissue. Germinal (spermatogenic) epithelium, with spermatogenic cells and nurse (sertoli) cells, forms the convoluted tubules, while small circular interstitial (Leydig) cells are found in the connective tissue between the tubules. Here you will see the Purkinje cell bodies slide 077 View Image. The ventral spinal cord. Remember, a nerve is a bundle of axons, running in parallel, in the PNS. Satellite cells are found in sensory and autonomic ganglia, where they surround the cell bodies of neurons. One is the axon and one the dendrite, forming a straight line. Myelin is lipid-rich, and on gross inspection appears white. This Power point presentation will allow students to practice the skill of identifying tissue types from 25 histology slides. The cells here arepreganglionic sympathetic neurons whose axons terminate in either sympathetic chain ganglia or the "visceral" (or "pre-aortic") ganglia associated with the major branches of the abdominal aorta (e.g. Myelin is a fatty substance that makes the axon appear white. It is related to both the circulatory system and the immune system. The Schwann cells (in the peripheral nerves) and the satellite cells (in the ganglia) are glial cells (supporting cells) of the PNS. It provides somatic motor output to skeletal muscles. What is the distinction between the CNS and the PNS? motor neurons in the spinal cord or sensory input to the brain), so they have much smaller overall volume and therefore much less metabolic demand compared to motor neurons which project to target muscles that may be more than a meter away. The CNS consists of nervous tissue that is protected within bony structures the brain within the cranium and the spinal cord within the vertebral column. It is permeable to oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases, allowing for the occurrence of gas exchange. The epithelial lining of the uterine tube and uterus play important roles in the transportation and implantation of a fertilized ovum (zygote). 48 Spinal CordWhite Matter (Spinal Cord)View Virtual EM Slide In this field you see several oligodendrocytes, the cells that make myelin in the CNS, surrounded by numerous myelinated axons of various size, cut in cross section. The main effector cells of the lymphatic system are the immune system cells. The cells of the genital ducts and glands produce secretions to support this process. A longitudinal section of a nerve looks very different than a transverse section: In a longitudinal section of a nerve (Figure 9), the axons stain darker and are visible as purple lines. Kenhub. All cells contain cytoplasm, are surrounded by a membrane, and contain a variety of structures and organelles. In this article, we will introduce you to the microscopic world of histology. The first step in tissue preparation for optic microscopy is fixation. Histology - Histology. The lipids are essentially the phospholipids of the glial cell membrane.