the alan lomax recordings

They separated the following year and were divorced in 1967.[44]. "[25], On December 8, 1941, as "Assistant in Charge at the Library of Congress", he sent telegrams to fieldworkers in ten different localities across the United States, asking them to collect reactions of ordinary Americans to the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the subsequent declaration of war by the United States. [41] Collins addressed the perceived omission in her memoir, America Over the Water, published in 2004. Subsequently, Lomax was one of the performers listed in the publication Red Channels as a possible Communist sympathizer and was consequently blacklisted from working in US entertainment industries. [18], As part of this work, Lomax traveled through Michigan and Wisconsin in 1938 to record and document the traditional music of that region. [64], As of March 2012 this has been accomplished. This earlier collection which includes the famous Jelly Roll Morton, Woody Guthrie, Lead Belly, and Muddy Waters sessions, as well as Lomax's prodigious collections made in Haiti and Eastern Kentucky (1937) is the provenance of the American Folklife Center"[65] at the Library of Congress..mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}. [57] Lomax had been charged with disturbing the peace and fined $25. Assistant in Charge and Commercial Records and Radio Broadcasts. The article mentioned Alan Lomax as one of the sponsors of the dinner, along with C. B. Baldwin, campaign manager for Henry A. Wallace in 1948; music critic Olin Downes of The New York Times; and W. E. B. Lomax wished to marry Collins but when the recording trip was over, she returned to England and married Austin John Marshall. He denied that he'd been involved in the matter but did note that he'd been in New Hampshire in July 1979, visiting a film editor about a documentary. [7], Due to childhood asthma, chronic ear infections, and generally frail health, Lomax had mostly been home schooled in elementary school. Lomax produced recordings, concerts, and radio shows in the US and in England, which played an important role in preserving folk music traditions in both countries, and helped start both the American and British folk revivals of the 1940s, 1950s, and early 1960s. Ethnomusicologist and archivist Alan Lomax's contribution to the preservation and continued flourishing of American folk music is inestimable. Approximately 17,400 of Lomax's recordings from 1946 and later have been made available free online. Fred McDowell's Blues 5. As host, Lomax sang and presented other performers, including Burl Ives, Woody Guthrie, Lead Belly, Pete Seeger, Josh White, and the Golden Gate Quartet. Its racially integrated cast included Burl Ives, Lead Belly, Josh White, Sonny Terry, and Brownie McGhee. In Dallas, he entered the Terrill School for Boys (a tiny prep school that later became St. Mark's School of Texas). The possibilities for this new, modern frontier seem endlesssomething that Lomax himself surely would've appreciated. According to Izzy Young, the audience booed when he told them to lay down their prejudices and listen to rock 'n' roll. I love that hypnotic, pounding sound. It extensively used samples from field recordings collected by Lomax on the 1993 box set Sounds of the South: A Musical Journey from the Georgia Sea Islands to the Mississippi Delta. Alan Lomax and the Voyager Golden Records. To mark the 100th birthday of influential folklorist and musician Alan Lomax (1915-2002), who collected songs from musicians like Muddy Waters, Lead Belly, Aunt Molly Jackson and Woody Guthrie, Folk Alliance International joined the American Folklife Center to create the Lomax Challenge. Years ago, being broke and hopeless, I listened to a shitty vinyl rip of this all the time. As of March 2012 approximately 17,400 of Lomax's recordings from 1946 and later have been made available free online. New York City, 1950s. I don't know if many of you have heard of him [Audience applause.] In June 1942 the FBI approached the Librarian of Congress, Archibald McLeish, in an attempt to have Lomax fired as Assistant in Charge of the Library's Archive of American Folk Song. They recorded songs sung by sharecroppers and prisoners in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. The Alan Lomax collection of Michigan and Wisconsin recordings (AFC 1939/007) documents Irish, Italian, Finnish, Serbian, Lithuanian, Polish, German, Croatian, French Canadian, Hungarian, Romanian, and Swedish songs and stories, as well as occupational folklife among loggers and lake sailors in Mich The 66 tracks are accompanied by a 68-page booklet documenting the Lomax collecting trip, as well as notes on the songs, tunes and stories. [27], In the late 1940s, Lomax produced a series of commercial folk music albums for Decca Records and organized a series of concerts at New York's Town Hall and Carnegie Hall, featuring blues, calypso, and flamenco music. Over his seven-decade career he collected thousands of audio recordings of folk and traditional music from around the US and the world, and dedicated himself to the pursuit of what he called "cultural equity." Mary Bragg sings "Trouble So Hard" as part of the Lomax Challenge. [34] He drew a parallel between photography and field recording: Recording folk songs works like a candid cameraman. The Alan Lomax Collection (AFC 2004/004) contains approximately 650 linear feet of manuscripts, 6400 sound recordings, 5500 graphic images, and 6000 moving images of ethnographic material created and collected by Alan Lomax and others in their work documenting song, music, dance, and body movement from many cultures. Roosevelt Dime sings "Goin' Down the Road Feelin' Bad" as part of the Lomax Challenge. The 1944 "ballad opera", The Martins and the Coys, broadcast in Britain (but not the USA) by the BBC, featuring Burl Ives, Woody Guthrie, Will Geer, Sonny Terry, Pete Seeger, and Fiddlin' Arthur Smith, among others, was released on Rounder Records in 2000. The united Lomax collection includes 5,000 hours of recordings, 400,000 feet of motion picture film, thousands of videotapes, books, journals and hundreds of photos and negatives. He collaborated in Bell County with New York University folklorist Mary Elizabeth Barnicle. He was, he claimed, 15 at the time he was actually 17 and a college student and he said he had intended to participate in a peaceful demonstration. Remastered from 24-bit digital transfers of Alan Lomax's original tapes, and annotated by Arhoolie Records' Adam Machado and the Alan Lomax Archive's Nathan Salsburg, they are an illustration of the mind-blowing revelation that was Fred McDowell. It has made a lot of unhappiness for the two of us because he loved Harvard and wanted me to be a great success there." It says: "He has a tendency to neglect his work over a period of time and then just before a deadline he produces excellent results." Includes a glossy two-sided 10" x 10" liner note insert. Lomax, now 17, therefore took a break from studying to join his father's folk song collecting field trips for the Library of Congress, co-authoring American Ballads and Folk Songs (1934) and Negro Folk Songs as Sung by Lead Belly (1936). Especially powerful when walking home drunk, on max volume. Nathan Salsburg never met Alan Lomax, the famed American musicologist. (2003 [1972]: 286)[54]. "He traveled in a 1935 Plymouth sedan, toting a Presto instantaneous disc recorder and a movie camera. A partial list of books by Alan Lomax includes: Collins: He was on the dockside with Anne, his daughter. "For the first time," Cultural . January 30, 2014 by Nicole Saylor. They have been realized in the annual (since 1967) Smithsonian Folk Festival on the Mall in Washington, D.C. (for which Lomax served as a consultant), in national and regional initiatives by public folklorists and local activists in helping communities gain recognition for their oral traditions and lifeways both in their home communities and in the world at large; and in the National Heritage Awards, concerts, and fellowships given by the NEA and various State governments to master folk and traditional artists.[52]. But now, exactly 15 years after Lomax's death on July 19, 2002, there's likely no person on the planet who's spent more time . [53] Though Alan Lomax's appeals to anthropology conferences and repeated letters to UNESCO fell on deaf ears, the modern world seems to have caught up to his vision. [69], In his autobiographical, Chronicles, Part One, Dylan recollects a 1961 scene: There was an art movie house in the Village on 12th Street that showed foreign moviesFrench, Italian, German. Feeling sure that the Act would pass and realizing that his career in broadcasting was in jeopardy, Lomax, who was newly divorced and already had an agreement with Goddard Lieberson of Columbia Records to record in Europe,[32] hastened to renew his passport, cancel his speaking engagements, and plan for his departure, telling his agent he hoped to return in January "if things cleared up." Indexes for many of these materials are available upon request. In LP liner notes to his later recordings made at Parchman, Alan Lomax described what he had witnessed there: "In the southern penitentiary system, where the object was to get the most out of the land, the labor force was driven hard. It is one of the very rare attempts to put cultural criticism onto a serious, comprehensible, and rational footing by someone who had the experience and breadth of vision to be able to do it. Allison Hussey. Many materials are also available online through the Lomax Digital Archive, and the Alan Lomax YouTube channel . He played a key role in the development of the Center's work. Shirley Collins/Courtesy of Alan Lomax Archive hide caption Prison Songs Historical Recordings From Parchman Farm 1947-48 Volume Two: Don'tcha Hear Poor Mother Calling? The pair amassed one of the most representative folk song collections of any culture. $15.98. 11 - Honor the Lamb Mississippi Records - MR-074, Earliest recordings of Fred McDowell. In February 1941, Lomax spoke and gave a demonstration of his program along with talks by Nelson A. Rockefeller from the Pan American Union, and the president of the American Museum of Natural History, at a global conference in Mexico of a thousand broadcasters CBS had sponsored to launch its worldwide programming initiative. The file quotes one informant who said that "Lomax was a very peculiar individual, that he seemed to be very absent-minded and that he paid practically no attention to his personal appearance." Empathy is most important in field work. The collection can be accessed in the Folklife Reading Room, located in the Jefferson Building (room LJ G-53). The estate of Alan Lomax, Haitan scholar, and the Library of Congress have joined forces to produce a chronicle of Lomax's 1936 Haitan recording expedition in collaboration with The Association for Cultural Equity. The Association for Cultural Equity, a nonprofit organization founded by Lomax in the 1980s, has posted some 17,000 recordings. McLeish wrote to Hoover, defending Lomax: "I have studied the findings of these reports very carefully. Alan Lomax was an American ethnomusicologist, best known for his numerous field recordings of folk music of the 20th century. This same source adds that he suspected Lomax's peculiarity and poor grooming habits came from associating with the "hillbillies" who provided him with folk tunes. John Lomax or Alan Lomax are the names that most remember when it comes to collecting recordings of American folk music. I think I arrived in April and I don't think we went south until August. Cerebral palsy curbed his ability to play guitar the conventional way, so Nagoda learned double slide, this is his debut LP. In his late seventies, Lomax completed a long-deferred memoir, The Land Where the Blues Began (1993), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Woke Up This Morning With My Mind On Jesus 6. The occasion marked the first time rock and roll and bluegrass were performed on the Carnegie Hall Stage. He devoted much of the latter part of his life to advocating what he called Cultural Equity, which he sought to put on a solid theoretical foundation through to his Cantometrics research (which included a prototype Cantometrics-based educational program, the Global Jukebox). Lomax and Diego Carpitella's survey of Italian folk music for the Columbia World Library, conducted in 1953 and 1954, with the cooperation of the BBC and the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome, helped capture a snapshot of a multitude of important traditional folk styles shortly before they disappeared. Describes the history of the Lomax family and the Archive of American Folk Song at the Library of Congress. Woke Up This Morning With My Mind On Jesus, When You Get Home Please Write Me A Few Of Your Lines, Keep Your Lamps Trimmed and Burning (instrumental). We all hit it off wonderfully. The remarkable life and times of the man who popularized American folk music and created the science of song Folklorist, archivist, anthropologist, singer, political activist, talent scout, ethnomusicologist, filmmaker, concert and record producer, Alan Lomax is best remembered as the man who introduced folk music to the masses. This collection consists of more than 100 individual collections and includes 700 linear feet of manuscripts, 10,000 sound recordings,6,000 graphic images, and 6,000 moving images. The Alan Lomax Recordings document blues and gospel music recorded by folklorist Alan Lomax between 1945 and 1965. He collected material first with his father, folklorist and collector John Lomax, and later alone and with others, Lomax recorded thousands of songs and interviews for the Archive of American Folk Song, of which he was the director, at the Library of Congress on aluminum and acetate discs. In 2001, in the wake of the attacks in New York and Washington of September 11, UNESCO's Universal Declaration of Cultural Diversity declared the safeguarding of languages and intangible culture on a par with protection of individual human rights and as essential for human survival as biodiversity is for nature,[55] ideas remarkably similar to those forcefully articulated by Alan Lomax many years before. It remains astounding that a rural blues performer of such talent, already in his mid-fifties when Lomax came across him, had not previously recorded . In the 1970s and 1980s, Lomax advised the Smithsonian Institution's Folklife Festival and produced a series of films about folk music, American Patchwork, which aired on PBS in 1991. Astoundingly, none of the material in the entire Lomax Collection contains any maps. God Bless the Child, Mary Ann, Sinner's Prayer. The FBI file notes that Lomax stood 6 feet (1.8m) tall, weighed 240 pounds and was 64 at the time: Lomax resisted the FBI's attempts to interview him about the impersonation charges, but he finally met with agents at his home in November 1979. Free for commercial use, no attribution required. 12 - Georgia Sea Islands, Biblical Songs and Spirituals 1998 The Alan Lomax Collection: Southern Journey, Vol. The hardest thing I've had to learn is that I'm not a genius. Recorded in Como, Mississippi, September 21-25, 1959. I listen to one side then flip it over and listen to the other then flip it back over and listen again. The Lomax Digital Archive Collections contain several large audio, film, and photographic collections made, together and apart, by John and Alan Lomax, including Field Work, Film and Video, Radio Shows, and Alan Lomax as Performer. ACE repatriated recordings, film footage, and images of the legendary bluesman Muddy Waters at the 5th Annual International Conference on the Blues in October, 2018. Nor had Lomax's Harvard academic record been affected in any way by his activities in her defense. John Szwed's new book, Alan Lomax: The Man Who Recorded the . Lomax spent the 1950s based in London, from where he edited the 18-volume Columbia World Library of Folk and Primitive Music, an anthology issued on newly invented LP records. Blue jeans, fast food, rock music, and American television serials have been sweeping the world for years. Lomax excelled at Terrill and then transferred to the Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Connecticut for a year, graduating eighth in his class at age 15 in 1930. [29], In December 1949 a newspaper printed a story, "Red Convictions Scare 'Travelers'", that mentioned a dinner given by the Civil Rights Association to honor five lawyers who had defended people accused of being Communists. [6] His first field collecting without his father was done with Zora Neale Hurston and Mary Elizabeth Barnicle in the summer of 1935. In Scotland, Lomax is credited with being an inspiration for the School of Scottish Studies, founded in 1951, the year of his first visit there.[38][39]. He was a musician himself, as well as a folklorist, archivist, writer, scholar, political activist, oral historian, and film-maker. Alan had wanted to do it earlier, but there was just no money to do it with. Brian Eno wrote of Lomax's later recording career in his notes to accompany an anthology of Lomax's world recordings: [He later] turned his intelligent attentions to music from many other parts of the world, securing for them a dignity and status they had not previously been accorded. . [26], While serving in the army in World War II, Lomax produced and hosted numerous radio programs in connection with the war effort. Southern Journeys: Alan Lomaxs Steel-String Discoveries. But it was Robert W. Gordon that first undertook serious field-recording trips. "[9] At the University of Texas Lomax read Nietzsche and developed an interest in philosophy. ForTheLoveOfMusic, Bandcamp Dailyyour guide to the world of Bandcamp. ), This page was last edited on 11 February 2023, at 00:53. Thank you Brittany Haas for the wonderful fiddle! Beautiful album! [63] By February 2012, 17,000 music tracks from his archived collection were expected to be made available for free streaming, and later some of that music may be for sale as CDs or digital downloads. A copy of the repatriation catalog can be found here. When Lomax obtained a contract from Atlantic Records to re-record some of the American musicians first recorded in the 1940s, using improved equipment, Collins accompanied him. Alan Lomax (right) with musician Wade Ward during the Southern Journey recordings, 1959-1960. The collection includes field recordings and photographs Lomax made in the Bahamas, the Caribbean, England, France, Georgia, Haiti, Ireland, Italy, Morocco, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Spain, the United States, and Wales, 1930s-2004. Compare Gell-Mann: Just as it is crazy to squander in a few decades much of the rich biological diversity that has evolved over billions of years, so is it equally crazy to permit the disappearance of much of human cultural diversity, which has evolved in a somewhat analogous way over many tens of thousands of years The erosion of local cultural patterns around the world is not, however, entirely or even principally the result of contact with the universalizing effect of scientific enlightenment. I love that series, I think it's one of the great series of albums ever. "Fred McDowell: The Alan Lomax Recordings" is a collaboration by the Alan Lomax Archive, Mississippi Records, Little Axe Records, and Domino Sound. Lomax transferred to the University of Texas the following year.[56]. As a member of the Popular Front and People's Songs in the 1940s, Alan Lomax promoted what was then known as "One World" and today is called multiculturalism. Over four hundred recordings from this collection are now available at the Library of Congress. It is housed at the Fine Arts Campus of Hunter College in New York City and is the custodian of the Alan Lomax Archive. [23] On hearing the news, Woody Guthrie wrote Lomax from California, "Too honest again, I suppose? "[35], For the Scottish, English, and Irish volumes, he worked with the BBC and folklorists Peter Douglas Kennedy, Scots poet Hamish Henderson, and with the Irish folklorist Samus Ennis,[36] recording among others, Margaret Barry and the songs in Irish of Elizabeth Cronin; Scots ballad singer Jeannie Robertson; and Harry Cox of Norfolk, England, and interviewing some of these performers at length about their lives. All researchers must obtain a Reader Registration card prior to doing research in any Library of Congress reading rooms. This is material from Alan Lomax's independent archive which has been digitized and offered by the Association for Cultural Equity. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for PETE STEELE Pay Day At Coal Creek + J M HUNT 1941 Alan Lomax Library of Congress at the best online prices at eBay! Alan Lomax Collection and Lomax Digital Archive, permissions. His grades suffered, diminishing his financial aid prospects.[11]. Try a different filter or a new search keyword. TRACK LIST: . I listen to one side then flip it over and listen to the other then flip it back over and listen again. (1994: 338343), carcasses of dead or dying cultures on the human landscape, that we have learned to dismiss this pollution of the human environment as inevitable, and even sensible, since it is wrongly assumed that the weak and unfit among musics and cultures are eliminated in this way Not only is such a doctrine anti-human; it is very bad science. [30] The following June, Red Channels, a pamphlet edited by former F.B.I. He had no money, ever. The Lomaxes attended Lead Belly's wedding to Martha Promise in Wilton, Connecticut. He spent more than a half century recording the folk music and customs of the world. "Alan scraped by the whole time, and left with no money," said Don Fleming, director of Lomax's Association for Culture Equity. Lomax must have felt it necessary to address the suspicions. Two of his siblings also developed significant careers studying folklore: Bess Lomax Hawes and John Lomax Jr. The bulk of the recordings are the result of Alan's work during three more visits in 1937, 1938, and 1942. Alan Lomax, the legendary collector of folk music who was the first to record towering figures like Leadbelly, Muddy Waters and Woody Guthrie, died yesterday at a nursing home in Sarasota, Fla.. Their folk song collecting trip to the Southern states, known colloquially as the Southern Journey, lasted from July to November 1959 and resulted in many hours of recordings, featuring performers such as Almeda Riddle, Hobart Smith, Wade Ward, Charlie Higgins and Bessie Jones and culminated in the discovery of Fred McDowell. If you like The Alan Lomax Recordings, you may also like: I Don't Have Time To Lie To Youby Abner Jay, supported by 55 fans who also own The Alan Lomax Recordings, Like a revelation something brand new and precious while still you feel like hes been part of your life forever. Although the Great Depression was rapidly causing his family's resources to plummet, Harvard came up with enough financial aid for the 16-year-old Lomax to spend his second year there. From Lomax's Spanish and Italian recordings emerged one of the first theories explaining the types of folk singing that predominate in particular areas, a theory that incorporates work style, the environment, and the degrees of social and sexual freedom. Also in 1990, Blues in the Mississippi Night was reissued on Rykodisc, and Sounds of the South, a four-CD set of Lomax's 1959 stereo recordings of Southern musical . Of the many important recordings Alan Lomax made in his trips through the American South in 1959, perhaps none of the artists he documented were as destined to make as much of an impact on the world of popular music as Mississippi Fred McDowell. Lomax left Harvard, after having spent his sophomore year there, to join John A. Lomax and John Lomax, Jr. in collecting folk songs for the Library of Congress and to assist his father in writing his books. Alan Lomax started making recordings for the Library of Congress in 1933, with his father John, and recorded folk music and interviews from around the United States and the world on reel-to-reel tape between 1946 and 1991. Souvenir Program of the Fifty-Ninth Annual Passover of the Church of God & Saints of Christ, April 13-20, 1960; postcard and drawings of Mason Temple, Church of God in Christ headquarters, 1947;. Keep Your Lamps Trimmed and Burning 4. The files were digitized by the Association for Cultural Equity, which deposited digital research copies with the Blues Archive. In an article first published in the 2009 Louisiana Folklore Miscellany, Barry Jean Ancelet, folklorist and chair of the Modern Languages Department at University of Louisiana at Lafayette, wrote: Every time [Lomax] called me over a span of about ten years, he never failed to ask if we were teaching Cajun French in the schools yet. Caribbean Voyage, The Classic Louisiana Recordings, The Concert And Radio Series. Correspondence ensued with the American authorities as to Lomax' suspected membership of the Communist Party, though no positive proof is found on this file. Then, as late as 1979, an FBI report suggested that Lomax had recently impersonated an FBI agent. His association with [blacklisted American] film director Joseph Losey is also mentioned (serial 30a).[58]. Sagan later wrote that it was Lomax "who was a persistent and vigorous advocate for including ethnic music even at the expense of Western classical music. Throughout his six decades of pivotal work, Lomax travelled all over the read more. [68] The album went on to be certified platinum in more than 20 countries. Our founding fathers were very young when they decided enough is enough and took a stand against the largest military in the world at that time and is in no way a comparison to what Putin's dumb ass is doing! 151169, in Spenser, Scott B. Sorce Keller, Marcello. The Alan Lomax Collection: Southern Journey, Vol. Good Morning Little Schoolgirl 3. Parent Label: Kentucky Alan Lomax Recordings, 1937-1942 These are documentary sound recordings of rural Kentucky music and lore made for the Library of Congress by John Lomax and his son Alan together and separately over about a four year period in the 1930s and early 1940s. In a rousing speech recorded at the festival, ethnomusicologist Alan Lomax (1915-2002) refers to the islands as "one of the heartlands of American music." Vigorous performances of spirituals, Gullah folk tales, and improvised blues attest to his assessment. [65][66] This is material from Alan Lomax's independent archive, begun in 1946, which has been digitized and offered by the Association for Cultural Equity. . On one of his trips in 1941, he went to Clarksdale, Mississippi, hoping to record the music of Robert Johnson. In the United States, he was responsible for priceless recordings of Leadbelly (who Lomax first recorded in prison), Woody Guthrie, Jelly Roll Morton and many others. I think Columbia was going to pay for it at one point, but they insisted he have a union engineer with him and someone extra like thatin situations we were going to be in would have been hopeless.

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